حقوق رقابت و اِعمال نظارت حاکمیتی و تنظیم گری در حوزه استارت آپ ها در نظام های حقوقی ایران، فرانسه و ایالات متحده آمریکا

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق،دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

چکیده

در جهانی که استارت‌آپ‌ها چشم انداز های اقتصاد دیجیتال را رصد می نمایند، حقوق رقابت نقش محوری در مهار انحصار و ترغیب نوآوری ایفا می‌کند. به دیگر بیان در قلمرو اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان، حقوق رقابت از کاربردی دوگانه بهرهمند است؛ نوآوری را صیانت می‌بخشد و از جهتی بر سلطه موقعیت برتر سایه می‌افکند. این پژوهش، با رویکرد تطبیقی مکانیسم‌های نظارت حاکمیتی و تنظیم‌گری بر استارت‌آپ‌ها را نظام‌های حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، جمهوری فرانسه و ایالات متحده آمریکا واکاوی می‌کند. بر این اساس پرسش بنیادین جستار پیش رو به این مهم اشاره دارد که چگونه حقوق رقابت در این سه نظام حقوقی، نظارت حاکمیتی را بر استارت‌آپ‌ها اعمال می‌سازد تا انحصار را مهار نماید، بی‌آنکه نوآوری را محدود سازد؟ یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که در ایران، قانون اجرای اصل ۴۴ درفصل نهم تبانی و سوءاستفاده سلطه‌گرانه را ممنوع می‌سازد، لیکن پراکندگی نهادهایی چون شورای رقابت و تنظیم‌گران بخشی از یک سو و فقدان تنظیم‌گری آزمایشی و کنترل‌شده از سوی دیگر چالش‌های ساختاری را به دنبال دارد. فرانسه، با اقتدار رقابت، ادغام‌های دیجیتال را نظارت کرده و نوآوری را ترغیب می‌نماید. ایالات متحده، از طریق قوانین شرمن و کلایتون، رقابت را تشویق می‌کند، اما نظارت بر خریدهای کشنده، نقدینگی سرمایه‌گذاری‌های مخاطره‌پذیر را تهدید می‌نماید. نتایج نشان داد که الگوبرداری از مدل فرانسوی در کنترل ادغام و هم پوشانی با مدل آمریکایی در صیانت نوآورانه، همراه با نهاد تنظیم‌گر که اثرات منفی ناشی از تنظیم‌گری پیش‌دستانه بر رقابت و نوآوری را بکاهد، ضروری است. بدین‌سان، حقوق رقابت به زمینه ای جهت شکوفایی استارت‌آپ‌ها بدل می‌گردد و اقتصاد دانش‌بنیان را تعالی می‌سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Competition Law and the Exercise of Governmental Oversight and Regulation in the Startup Sector: A Comparative Study of the Legal Systems of Iran, France, and the United States

نویسنده [English]

  • Rasoul Karami Moghadam
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
چکیده [English]

In a world where startups, like emerging stars, illuminate the horizons of the digital economy, competition law plays a pivotal role in curbing monopolistic dominance while fostering innovation. Within knowledge-based economies, competition law serves a dual purpose: safeguarding innovation and constraining the abuse of market power. This comparative study examines the mechanisms of governmental oversight and regulatory control over startups in the legal systems of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the French Republic, and the United States of America. These nascent enterprises depend on equitable legal frameworks to ensure fair participation in the market. The core research question explores how competition law in these three jurisdictions exercises public oversight over startups to prevent monopolization without unduly restricting innovation. Findings indicate that in Iran, Chapter Nine of the Law on the Implementation of the General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution prohibits collusion and abuse of dominance; however, institutional fragmentation—between the Competition Council and sectoral regulators—and the absence of a regulatory sandbox generate structural inefficiencies. France, through its Autorité de la concurrence, effectively monitors below-threshold digital mergers, preserving market dynamism and innovation. In contrast, the United States—via the Sherman and Clayton Acts—encourages competition but faces challenges, as scrutiny of “killer acquisitions” may potentially constrain venture capital liquidity. The study concludes that a hybrid model—adopting the French approach to merger control and the American model of innovation protection, integrated within a unified regulatory authority—is essential. In this way, competition law provides a supportive framework that enables startups to grow, fostering the sustainable development of the knowledge-based economy.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Competition Law
  • Governmental Oversight
  • Startup Regulation
  • Competition Council (Iran)
  • Autorité de la Concurrence (France)
  • Federal Trade Commission (U.S.)
Agah, Vahid. (2017). Feasibility of deriving a licensing system for artistic works from the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Legal Research Quarterly, 20(77), 293–317. [In Persian]
Alaeddini, Amir Abbas, & Shiri, Mehrzad. (2016). Competition law rules in Iran and their evolution in light of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution. Judgment Quarterly, 16(87), 119–147. [In Persian]
Asgharian, Mojtaba, Bahadori Jahromi, Ali, & Farahani, Mohammad Sadegh. (2023). Elements of state intervention in the regulation of the legal profession: A case study of the legal system of England. Judiciary Law Journal, 87(121), 1–20. [In Persian]
Badache, Ourda. (2024). Entrepreneurship and the emergence of startups. Cahiers du Cedimes.
Barzegar, Abdolreza. (2014). The position and duties of the Competition Council in the Iranian legal system. Administrative Law Journal, 3(1), 147–177. [In Persian]
Bayati, Ali. (2022). Deficiencies and ambiguities of the licensing system for public assemblies in Iranian administrative law. Journal of New Researches in Administrative Law, 4(13), 167–193. [In Persian]
Bradford, A. (2024). The false choice between digital regulation and innovation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4700215
Bradford, A., Chilton, A. S., Megaw, C., & Sokol, N. (2019). Competition law gone global: Introducing the Comparative Competition Law and Enforcement Datasets. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 16(1), 211–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12224
Bradford, A., Chilton, A., Linos, K., & Weaver, A. (2019). The global dominance of European competition law over American antitrust law. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 16(4), 731–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12255
de Bruin, R. (2022). A comparative analysis of the EU and U.S. data privacy regimes and the potential for convergence. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4009842
Fajar, M. (2020). Fair competition: The concept of regulation in the sharing economy. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(11), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.637
Fallah, Alireza, Rajabzadeh Estahbanati, Alireza, & Asgarkhani, Abumohammad. (2021). Competition between startups and traditional businesses in light of the objectives of competition law and anti-competitive behaviors in Iranian commercial law. International Legal Research, 14(52), 165–186. [In Persian]
Ghannavati, Jalil, & Jafari Harandi, Mahshid. (2020). Foundations of prohibitions in competition law: The Law on the Implementation of General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution. Islamic Jurisprudence and Law Studies, 12(22), 345–372. [In Persian]
Graef, I. (2019). Differentiated treatment in platform-to-business relations: EU competition law and economic dependence. Law & Society: Public Law – Antitrust eJournal.
            https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3489752
Gumati, M. R. (2024). Digital sovereignty and state power: Indonesia’s approach to digital platforms regulation. JISPO Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 14(1), 1–18.
Hanni, N. (2019). Exclusive distribution and non-compete clause in trade: Transnational agreements in European Union and United States. Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, 3(2), 141–163.
Harrington, J. E., Jr. (2017). The theory of collusion and competition policy. MIT Press.
Hosseini, Mina, & Ghaffari Farsani, Behnam. (2021). Litigation costs in cases involving violations of competition regulations. Judiciary Law Journal, 85(116), 155–183. [In Persian]
Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Amin, & Nermanpour, Mahdi. (2021). Civil liability of startups. Civil Law Knowledge Journal, 10(1), 161–174. [In Persian]
Hovenkamp, H. (2020). House Judiciary inquiry into competition in digital markets: Statement of Herbert Hovenkamp. Law & Society: Public Law - Antitrust eJournal.
            https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3579693
Howell, B. E., & Potgieter, P. (2025). Navigating the boundaries of digital platform content regulation in New Zealand. Policy Quarterly, 21(2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v21i2.9818
 Jordana, J., Levi-Faur, D., & Fernández i Marín, X. (2011). The global diffusion of regulatory agencies: Channels of transfer and stages of diffusion. Comparative Political Studies, 44(10), 1343–1369.
Jordana, J., & Sancho, D. (2004). Regulatory designs, institutional constellations and the study of the regulatory state. In J. Jordana & D. Levi-Faur (Eds.), The politics of regulation: Institutions and regulatory reforms for the age of governance (pp. 296–319). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kira, B. (2023). Is iFood starving the market? Antitrust enforcement in the market for online food delivery in Brazil. World Competition, 46(2), 133–162. https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2023009
Mirzakhani, Maryam, Bagheri, Mahmoud, & Rostami, Vali. (2026). Application of competition law to the issuance of attorney licenses: The conflict between governmental supervision and professional freedom. Tehran University Journal of Public Law Studies, (no issue), 1–22. [In Persian]
of Transfer and Stages of Diffusion”, Comparative political studies journal,
Parziale, A. (2021). Regulating algorithms in the European data-driven economy: The role of competition law and civil liability. Opinio Juris in Comparatione, 1(1), 97–117.
Patfat, Arian, & Momeni Rad, Ahmad. (2015). The evolution of government intervention in the economy from public law perspective: From welfare state to meta-regulatory state. Public Law Research, 17(47), 185–204. [In Persian]
Pauer, N. I. (2024). From Intel & Qualcomm to the new Art. 102 TFEU-guidelines – Streamlining the form- & effects-based approach. Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht, 2024(2), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2024-0205
Powers, M., & Vera Zambrano, S. (2016). Explaining the formation of online news startups in France and the United States: A field analysis. Journal of Communication, 66(5), 857–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12253
Pulatov, T. (2025). Concepts of digital financial technologies and their legal nature. International Journal of Law and Policy, 260.
            https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.260
Rahmatollahi, Hossein, & Najjarzadeh Hanjani, Majid. (2016). Foundations of the necessity of exercising state sovereignty over privatized entities providing public services. Administrative Law, 4(11), 111–128. [In Persian]
Ramadhan, H. R., Paulus, D. H., & Marcello, G. (2023). Prohibition of monopolistic practices in business trials in Indonesia: Reforming on business competition supervisory commission. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 4(2), 163–182.
Rostami, Vali, & Kamarkhani, Ayyam. (2015). Application of competition law rules to governmental and sovereign acts. Private Law Studies, 45(3), 431–451. [In Persian]
Santos, A., Cazzamatta, R., & Napolitano, C. J. (2025). Holding platforms accountable in the fight against misinformation: A cross-national analysis of state-established content moderation regulations. European Journal of Communication. Advance online publication.
Shahiki Tash, Mohammad Nabi. (2013). An examination of the concept of competition and its extent in Iran’s economy. Business Studies, 11(60), 1–16. [In Persian]
Shatrian, Mahmoud, & Yahyazadeh, Javad. (2021). The art of self-regulation in public law: With a reflection on the legislative system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of New Researches in Administrative Law, 3(6), 139–160. [In Persian]
Study of the Regulatory State, Edward Elger
Vakili Moghaddam, Mohammad Hossein. (2023). Foundations, legal challenges, and implementation of competition law in the field of healthcare. Majles & Rahbord (Parliament and Strategy), 30(114), 141–162. [In Persian]
Yaroshenko, O. M., Kutomanov, D., Maryniv, N. A., & Dudenko, T. V. (2020). Features of corporate liability for violation of competition law. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 1658–1665. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.172