امکان سنجی وکالت از متخاصمین در نظام حقوقی آمریکا با نگرشی به حقوق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

اهداف: هدف، بررسی امکان وکالت وکیل واحد از اشخاص با منافع به صورت هم‌زمان یا ناهم‌زمان در دادرسی است.
روش‌ مطالعه: روش تحقیق در این مقاله به صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی است.‌
یافته ها: حقوق آمریکا-که در آن، نمایندگی منافع متضاد در دادرسی، امری مربوط به آیین دادرسی محسوب می‌شود- با اینکه وکیل را از اقدامی که او را به صورت هم‌زمان یا ناهم‌زمان در چنین موقعیتی میان دو یا چند موکل قرار دهد، بر مبنای نقض حق اساسی، وفاداری، رازداری و ظاهر نادرست منع نمود، به طور استثنایی در صورت وجود رضایت آگاهانه، آنرا تجویز کرده است. این موضوع در سوابق فقهی حقوق موضوعۀ ایران به عنوان امری ماهوی مطرح شده است: برخی فقها با توسل به وجود مقتضای وکالت و قیاس آن با تجویز وکالت مدنی هم‌زمان طرفین در انعقاد قرارداد، آنرا به طور مطلق پذیرفتند، گروهی دیگر به استناد بی-اثرشدن مقتضای وکالت از طرفین در برخورد با موانعی مانند لزوم پرهیز وکیل از اضرار به هر یک از دو موکل و به کارگیری حد اکثر درجۀ کوشش در دفع خصم از سوی وکیل، آنرا مطلقا رد نمودند. در قوانین موضوعۀ ایران، وکالت وکیل واحد از اشخاص با منافع متضاد به صورت هم‌زمان یا ناهم‌زمان در دادرسی به طور کلی منع شده است.
نتیجه‌گیری: به رغم منع وکالت وکیل واحد از اشخاص با منافع متضاد در حقوق موضوعۀ ایران به طور کلی، قاعدۀ بالادستی و الهام‌بخش اوفوا بالعقود، امکان پذیرش چنین وکالتی به صورت محدود، قابل استنباط می‌نماید و از این جهت حقوق ایران به حقوق آمریکا نزدیک می شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Feasibility of Representation of Both litigants by One Attorney in American Legal System with a Glance on Iranian Law

نویسنده [English]

  • Ahmad Esfandiari
Assistant Professor of Departement of Private Law, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objectives: The objective of this article is a study of the possibility of representation of persons with conflict interest by one attorney in litigation Simultaneously or Asynchronously.
Methods: The method of study in this article is descriptive-analytical.
Results: In American law-in which the representation of conflicting interests in the litigation is considered a matter related to the procedure- although it prohibited the attorney from taking actions that would place him simultaneously or asynchronously in such a situation between two or more clients, on the basis of breach of the Constitutional right, loyalty, confidentiality and Appearance of Impropriety, have prescribed it in the presence of informed consent exceptionally. It has been raised in the jurisprudential records of Iranian positive law as a substantitve matter. Although some jurists based on the existence of the requirement of representation and it's analogy with prescribing requirement of Simultaneously civil agency for the parties in concluding a contract, they absolutely accepted the possibility of representing them by a single attorney, another group based on the ineffectiveness of the essnce of representation of parties in dealing with obstacles such as the need to avoid harming both clients and using outmost degree of effort to repel the opponent, they rejected it absolutely. In Iranian positive law, the representation of a single attorney from persons with conflicting interests in litigations simultaneously or Asynchronously is generally prohibited.
Conclusion: In spite of prohibiting the representation from persons with conflicting interests by one attorney in Iranian positive law in general, the uppermost and inspiring rule of "kept contracts" renders the possibility of accepting such representation in a limited way inferrable, and from this point of view, Iranian law is approaching to American one.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Litigants
  • Exaggeration
  • Conflict
  • Interests
  • Attorney
  • Client
  • Dual Representation

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پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 9، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 17
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  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 فروردین 1403
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