مطالعه تطبیقی رهیافت کنوانسیون حقوق افراد دارای معلولیت و حقوق ایران در موضوع اهلیت قانونی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد حقوق بشر، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

3 استادیار گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

چکیده

مفهوم اهلیت قانونی در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر یکی از مفاهیم پایه‌ای است که سلب آن می‌تواند منشا محرومیتهای گسترده قرار گیرد. افراد دارای معلولیت همچنان به دستاویزهای گوناگون در معرض سلب این حق قرار دارند. در این مقاله که به شیوه ای توصیفی-تحلیلی وتطبیقی نگاشته شده ضمن توجه به مفهوم اهلیت قانونی، انواع آن و اهمیت بهره‌مندی فرد از آن کوشیدیم به این پرسش اساسی پاسخ دهیم که کنوانسیون حقوق افراد دارای معلولیت به ویژه مادۀ 12 چه تغییر بنیادینی در وضعیت افراد دارای معلولیت ایجاد نموده است؟ پاسخی که بدان دست یافتیم آن است که کنوانسیون به طور کلی و مادۀ 12 به طور خاص، راه را بر هرگونه اشکال سلب اهلیت از معلولان بسته است و با توجه به ظرفیتهای موجود در این معاهده  می‌توان بسترهای لازم جهت ایجاد تغییر در وضعیت حقوقی معلولان شناختی و ایجاد یک ساختار حقوقی نوین مبتنی بر حمایت و نه قیمومت را فراهم نمود. پرسش دوم این پژوهش آن است که نظام اهلیت در قوانین جمهوری اسلامی ایران پیرامون وضعیت معلولین شناختی به چه نحوی است  و آیا  با تعهدات بین‌المللی ایران و نظام حمایتی مورد نظر کنوانسیون سازگاری دارد؟ پاسخ آن شد که نظام اهلیت در قوانین ایران پیرامون وضعیت معلولین شناختی هنوز از شکل سنتی برخوردار است که در آن اهلیت از فرد، دریغ و به سرپرست او واگذار می‌شود.  با توجه به تصویب این کنوانسیون از سوی ایران، توصیه میشود اقداماتی ازجمله تغییرات ضروری در قوانین مدنی و کیفری و توجه مقتضی به پیشنهادات و تفاسیر کمیته حقوق افراد دارای معلولیت اتخاذ شود تا آثار تغییر رویکرد موصوف در نظام حقوقی کشورمان احساس گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study on the Approach to Legal Capacity in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Iranian Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Keyvan 1
  • Sepanta Mojtahedzadeh 2
  • Ehsan Shahsavari 3
1 Master of Human Rights, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran , Babolsar, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran , Babolsar, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran , Babolsar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The concept of legal capacity is fundamental in the realm of human rights, as its deprivation can lead to widespread violations of rights. Individuals with disabilities often face denial of this right for various reasons. This article, written in a descriptive-analytical and comparative manner, examines the concept of legal capacity, its types, and the significance of individuals benefiting from it. We aim to address the critical question: Has the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, particularly Article 12, brought about a fundamental change in the situation of people with disabilities? The answer is that the convention, especially Article 12, effectively eliminates any form of disqualification for individuals with disabilities. Furthermore, the provisions within this treaty provide the necessary framework to transform their legal status. The convention and its evolving interpretation advocate for the establishment of a new legal structure based on protection rather than guardianship. The second question of this research is: What is the capacity system in the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the status of cognitively disabled individuals, and is it compatible with Iran's international obligations and the support system outlined by the convention? The answer is that the capacity system in Iran's laws regarding cognitively disabled individuals still retains a traditional framework, in which capacity is denied to the individual and assigned to their guardian.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Legal Capacity
  • Mental disability
  • Convention on the Rights of Persons with disability
  • support model
  • paradigm shift
BERLIN, Isaiah (1969), Four essays on liberty, Oxford University press.
Emami, Hassan (2005), Civil law , Eslamieh Publication,(In Persian).
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (2012), Expanded on Legal Terminology, Volume 5, Ganj Danesh Publications, 2th ed. (In Persian)
Kant, I. (2002). Critique of practical reason. Hackett Publishing. ‏
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques(1962), “ The Social Contract”, Translation by Zirakzadeh, Chehr Publication (in Persian)
Safai, Hossein & Qasemzadeh, Morteza (2008), Civil Law: Persons and Persons Under Legal Incapicity. Samt Publication. (In Persian)
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)(2007), Handbook for parliamentarians on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with disability: from exclusion to equality realizing the rights of persons with disabilities.
Karp, N., & Wood, E. F. (2007). “Guardianship monitoring: A national survey of court practices”. Stetson L. Rev., 37(1),1-52
Kayess, R., & French, P. (2008). “Out of darkness into light? Introducing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”, Human rights law review, 8(1), 1-34.
Khazaie Zahra, Heidari Tayebeh(2017) “Reassessing Kant Autonomy in Relation to Individual, Moral and Political Autonomy”, journal of Philosophical,Theological Research, 19(2), 51-75(in persian) ‏
Lecompt, J., & Mercier, C. (2007). “The Montréal declaration on intellectual disabilities of 2004: An important first step”. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(1), 66-69.
Moradi ,Zahra, khaleghi damghani ,ahmad(2023), “Ethics, politics and autonomy: various account on autonomy in politics and ethics”, World Politic Quarterly, 2(12) 39-61(In Persian)
Pour Ziaei, K., & Ghaffari Nik, T. (2020). “Legal and Social Effects of Iran's Accession to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Domestic Legal System”. Fares Law Research3(6), 119-149.‏(In Persian)
Quinn, G. (2010). Personhood & legal capacity: perspectives on the paradigm shift of Article 12 CRPD. In Conference on Disability and Legal Capacity under the CRPD, Harvard Law School, Boston).
Qavamabadi, Mohammad Hossien (2011), “Support of Disabled person in international law”, social welfare quarterly, 11(41), 307-341(In Persian)
Sell, S. J. (2019). A Potential Civil Death: Guardianship of Persons with Disabilities in Utah. Utah L. Rev., 215-236
Winick, B. J. (1995). “The side effects of incompetency labeling and the implications for mental health law”, Psychology, Public Policy and Law journal, 1(1):6-42
Websites:
Bach, M., & Kerzner, L. (2010). “A new paradigm for protecting autonomy and the right to legal capacity. Advancing Substantive Equality for Persons with Disabilities through Law, Policy and Practice” , Law Commission of Ontario. Available at https://www.lco-cdo.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/disabilities-commissioned-paper-bach-kerzner.pdf
Commissioner of Human Rights (2012). Who Gests to Decide? Right to Legal Capacity for Persons with Intellectual and Psychosocial Disabilitie, Strasbourg, CommDH/IssuePaper(2012)2, available at www.commissioner.coe.int
Council of Europe: Commissioner for Human Rights, Who gets to decide? Right to legal capacity for persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, 20 February 2012, available at www.commissioner.coe.int
Despouy, Leandro,  (1993). Human rights and disabled persons. United Nations, available at: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/dispaperdes0.htm
Disability Rights Texas, Texas First State to Pass Supported Decision Making Law (Mar. 9, 2016), available at https://disabilityrightstx.org/en/press_release/texas-first-state-to-pass-supported-decision-making-law/
Gilbert, M. (2009). Churchill and eugenics. The Churchill Centre, available at: https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour-extras/churchill-and-eugenics-1/
Mental Disability Advocacy Centre (MDAC), Latvia Abolishes Plenary Guardianship, (December 5, 2012), available at https://www.mdac.org/en/05/12/2012/latvia-abolishes-plenary-guardianship
Robert Martinm, Klaus Lachwitz, Some Reflections regarding the Preparation of a Comprehensive and Integral Convention on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities,30 December 2003. Available at: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/wgcontrib-inclintl.htm
Therése Fridström Montoya(2019), “Supported Decision-Making in Swedish Law – Is the Good Man a Good or Bad Guy in Light of the CRPD?”, english version available https://psychiatrie-verlag.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/919-Fridstr%C3%B6m-Montoya-English-version.pdf
Other Documents
American Convention on Human Rights, "Pact of San Jose", 22 November 1969
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979
Council of Eur. Comm. of Ministers, Recommendation No. R(99)4 on Principles Concerning the Legal Protection of Incapable Adults (Feb. 23, 1999)
Organization of African Unity (OAU), African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights ("Banjul Charter"), 27 June 1981, CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982)
Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on a Comprehensive and Integral International Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities on its fifth session, 2005. A/AC.265/2005/2.
Decision of appeal court of Mazandaran (Iran)(1398), Chamber No.13, Case No. 980941, Verdict No. 9809971516601061(in Persian)
State Welfare Organization of Iran (2021), Annual Report (In Persian)
Swedish Disability Federation. (2011). Swedish Disability Movement’s Alternative Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.‏
UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), CEDAW General Recommendation No. 21: Equality in Marriage and Family Relations, 1994
UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CPRD), CRPD Comment No 1, (Article 12: Equal recognition before the law), 2014.
UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), Concluding observations on the initial report of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 10 may 2017, CRPD/C/IRN/CO/1.
UN General Assembly, Comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 26 February 2002.
UN General Assembly, Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, 9 December 1975, A/RES/3447 (XXX).
UN General Assembly, Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, 20 December 1971, A/RES/2856(XXVI).
UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171
UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 10 December 1948, 217 A (III).