مطالعه تطبیقی رهیافت کنوانسیون حقوق افراد دارای معلولیت و حقوق ایران در موضوع اهلیت قانونی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد حقوق بشر، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

3 استادیار گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

چکیده

مفهوم اهلیت قانونی در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر یکی از مفاهیم پایه‌ای است که سلب آن می‌تواند منشا محرومیتهای گسترده قرار گیرد. با گسترش گفتمان حقوق بشری در سده بیستم میلادی، این حق برای تمامی ابنای بشر مورد تایید قرار گرفته است. اما افراد دارای معلولیت همچنان به دستاویزهای گوناگون در معرض سلب این حق قرار دارند. در این مقاله که به شیوه ای توصیفی-تحلیلی و تطبیقی نگاشته شده ضمن توجه به مفهوم اهلیت قانونی، انواع آن و اهمیت بهره‌مندی فرد از آن کوشیدیم به این پرسش اساسی پاسخ دهیم که کنوانسیون حقوق افراد دارای معلولیت به ویژه مادۀ 12 چه تغییر بنیادینی در وضعیت افراد دارای معلولیت ایجاد نموده است؟ پاسخی که بدان دست یافتیم آن است که کنوانسیون به طور کلی و مادۀ 12 به طور خاص، راه را بر هرگونه اشکال سلب اهلیت از معلولان بسته است و با توجه به ظرفیتهای موجود در این معاهده می‌توان بسترهای لازم جهت ایجاد تغییر در وضعیت حقوقی معلولان شناختی و ایجاد یک ساختار حقوقی نوین مبتنی بر حمایت و نه قیمومت را فراهم نمود. پرسش دوم این پژوهش آن است که نظام اهلیت در قوانین جمهوری اسلامی ایران پیرامون وضعیت معلولین شناختی به چه نحوی است و آیا با تعهدات بین‌المللی ایران و نظام حمایتی مورد نظر کنوانسیون سازگاری دارد؟ پاسخ آن شد که نظام اهلیت در قوانین ایران پیرامون وضعیت معلولین شناختی هنوز از شکل سنتی برخوردار است که در آن اهلیت از فرد، دریغ و به سرپرست او واگذار می‌شود. با توجه به تصویب این کنوانسیون از سوی ایران، توصیه میشود اقداماتی ازجمله تغییرات ضروری در قوانین مدنی و کیفری و توجه مقتضی به پیشنهادات و تفاسیر کمیته حقوق افراد دارای معلولیت اتخاذ شود تا آثار تغییر رویکرد موصوف در نظام حقوقی کشورمان احساس گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study on the approach to the legal capacity in Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Iran's law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Keyvan 1
  • Sepanta Mojtahedzadeh 2
  • Ehsan Shahsavari 3
1 Master of Human Rights, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran , Babolsar, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran , Babolsar, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran , Babolsar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The concept of legal capacity in the world of human rights is one of the basic concepts, the deprivation of which can be the source of widespread harassment of people. Although in the 20th century and with the help of the human rights ideas expansion this right has been approved for all people but people with disabilities are still exposed to deny this right for various reasons. In this article, which is written in a descriptive-analytical and comparative manner, while paying attention to the concept of legal capacity, its types and the importance of the individual benefiting from it, we tried to answer the basic question that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, especially Article 12, is a fundamental change in the situation People with disabilities have created? The answer we got is that the convention in general and Article 12 in particular, closes the way to any form of disqualification from the disabled and according to the existing capacities in this treaty, we can create the necessary platforms to change the legal status. It provided cognitive disabilities and the creation of a new legal structure based on protection and not guardianship.The second question of this research is how is the capacity system in the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the status of the cognitively disabled and is it compatible with Iran's international obligations and the support system intended by the convention? The answer was that the capacity system in Iran's laws regarding the status of cognitively disabled people still has a traditional form in which the capacity is denied to the individual and left to his guardian.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Legal Capacity
  • Mental disability
  • Convention on the Rights of Persons with disability
  • support model
  • paradigm shift
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دوره 8، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 16
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