امکان استناد به تهاتر در برابر ابزارهای مبادله پذیر در حقوق انگلیس و ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

هدف از انجام این تحقیق، بررسی امکان استناد به تهاتر در برابر ابزارهای مبادله پذیر در حقوق انگلیس و ایران است و روش تحقیق در نگارش این مقاله به صورت تحلیلی- توصیفی می باشد. یکی از مسائل مربوط به ابزارهای مبادله پذیر در حقوق انگلیس این است که در برابر دعوای دارنده برای مطالبۀ پرداخت وجه آن، تهاتر به عنوان ابزار دفاعی در اختیار مسئولین پرداخت اعم از صادرکننده، ظهرنویس و غیره قرار دارد؟ اگرچه ایرادات به همراه تهاتر به عنوان ابزارهای دفاعی، قابل طرح می‌باشند، در حقوق ابزارهای مبادله پذیر می‌توان تفکیک مشخصی میان آنها رسم نمود. در حقوق ایران با ابهام در موضع قانونگذار و سکوت رویۀ قضایی، نویسندگان حقوقی، دیدگاه های مختلفی در این مورد اتخاذ نمودند: در حالی که عده ای، آنرا در کنار اموری مانند پرداخت وجه برات و تبدیل تعهد به عنوان یکی از آثار اصل غیرقابل استناد بودن ایرادات در برابر دارندۀ با حسن نیّت یا توافق ضمنی طرفین بر عدم وقوع تهاتر، غیرقابل استناد می‌دانند، دیگران، دین ناشی از سند تجاری را تابع قاعدۀ کلی تهاتر اعلام نمودند که می‌تواند مورد استناد قرار گیرد. در نتیجه به نظر می رسد که در حقوق انگلیس با توجه به تلقی تهاتر به عنوان قاعدۀ دادرسی و ابزارهای مبادله پذیر به عنوان تعهد بدون شرط پرداخت در حالی که خوانده از اعمال تهاتر مستقل در برابر دارنده، ممنوع می‌شود، وی می‌تواند به تهاتر یکپارچه و مرتبط استناد نماید. برعکس، قرائنی-که از برخی مقررات قانون تجارت ایران استنباط می‌شود- نشان می‌دهد که در برابر دارندۀ سند تجاری، تهاتر، مطلقا می-تواند مورد استناد واقع گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Possibility of Invoking Set-off Against the Negotiable Instruments in English and Iranian Law

نویسنده [English]

  • Ahmad Esfandiari
Assistant Professor of Department of Private Law, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari. Iran.
چکیده [English]

This analytical-descriptive research aims to study the possibility of invoking setoff against the negotiable instruments in English and Iranian law. One of the issues with negotiable instruments in English law is that the right to invoke the set-off against a holder's claim for payment is available to the liable of payment, including the maker, endorsers, and so on. Although objections can be raised with set-off as a means of defense, a definite distinction can be made between them in the negotiable instruments law. In Iranian law, with ambiguity in the position of legislator and silence of the judicial procedure, legal writers have taken contradictory views on this issue. While some people consider it as one of the effects of the principle of inadmissibility of objections against the holder in good faith or the implicit agreement of the parties on the non-occurrence of set-off, along with matters such as payment of the bill of exchange and substitution of the obligation, Others stated that the debt arising from the commercial document is subject to the general rule of set-off, which can be invoked. As a result, it seems that in English law, according to the consideration of set-off as a rule of procedure and negotiable instruments as an obligation without a condition of payment, while the defendant is prohibited from performing independent clearing against the holder, he can perform an integrated set-off and cite related. On the contrary, the evidence - which is deduced from some provisions of Iran's commercial law-shows that against the holder of the commercial document, setoff can absolutely be invoked.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Debt
  • Equity
  • Holder
  • Instrument
  • Negotiable
  • Set-off

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 16 شهریور 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 دی 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 11 بهمن 1401

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