بررسی تطبیقی ضمانت اجرای تخلف از شرط گشایش اعتبار اسنادی مندرج در بیع تجاری بین المللی از منظر حقوق ایران و کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی کالا

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

اعتبار اسنادی از منظر طرفین معامله در راستای پرداخت ثمن و تحویل اسناد معامله می‌باشد؛ لکن هیچ تلازمی مبنی بر ماهیت واحد اعتبار اسنادی و شرط گشایش ال‌سی وجود ندارد. در برخی قراردادها، انجام تعهد یکبار اتفاق نمی‌افتد تا با مراجعه به دادگاه، ممتنع را ملزم به انجام تعهد نمود؛ بلکه اجرای تعهد به صورت مستمر و مرکب از چندین تعهد به هم تنیده می‌باشد؛ به گونه‌ای که در شرط گشایش اعتبار اسنادی، مشتری در یک بازه زمانی باید به بانک مراجعه و تقاضانامه گشایش اعتبار اسنادی را تکمیل و تحویل بانک نماید، در این خصوص مسئله اول مراجعه مشتری به بانک و تکمیل تقاضانامه است، سپس تطابق مندرجات تقاضانامه و به تبع آن اعتبار اسنادی با توافق ضمن عقدی طرفین، و تودیع وثایق و تضمینات کافی نزد بانک جهت صدور و گشایش اعتبار اسنادی دیگر تعهد مشتری و مسئله بعدی است. انجام چنین تعهدات مرکب، مستمر و پیچیده، چنانچه به میل و رغبت مشتری نباشد قابلیت اجرای صحیح و به نحو مقبول متعهد له، به وسیله الزام متهعد را ندارد. سوای از کارکرد اصلی اعتبار اسنادی، با توجه به اینکه چنین شرطی در معامله پایه یک نوع تضمین جهت پرداخت ثمن از ناحیه مشتری مبنی بر معرفی ضامن است، ضمانت اجرای تخلف از این شرط همانند ضمانت اجرای تخلف از شرط معرفی ضامن مندرج در ماده 243 قانون مدنی، حق فسخ معامله است. در کنوانسیون 1980 وین ضمانت اجراهایی شامل تقاضای اجرای عینی تعهد، فسخ قرارداد، کاهش ثمن و اخذ خسارت برای تخلف از تعهدات بایع و مشتری پیش‌بینی شده است که فسخ قرارداد و اخذ خسارات، قابلیت اعمال بر تخلف از شرط مذکور در معامله پایه را دارد. در مقاله حاضر با بررسی فقه و نظام حقوقی ایران، کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی کالا درصدد پاسخ به ضمانت اجرای تخلف از شرط گشایش ال سی در معامله پایه می-باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative study of the guarantee of violation of the condition of opening the documentary credit contained in international commercial sale from the perspective of Iranian law and the Convention on the International Sale of Goods

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farzad Karamikolmoti 1
  • seyed mohamad hasan malaekehpour shoshtarai 2
1 PhD Student in Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom , Qom, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Although the validity of the documents from the perspective of the parties to the transaction is in line with the payment of the price and delivery of the transaction documents, there is no connotation to the nature of the unit of credit opened and the condition for opening the lease in the underlying transaction. In some contracts, the performance of the obligation does not occur once, so that by appealing to the court or arbitration, the obligee is obliged to fulfill the obligation. Rather, the execution of a commitment is continuous and composed of several intertwined and complex commitments in such a way that in the condition of opening a letter of credit, the customer must refer to the bank and complete the letter of credit opening application form and deliver it to the bank in this period. Consequently, the letter of credit issued by the bank with the agreement of the parties to the contract, and the deposit of sufficient documents and guarantees with the bank to issue and open another letter of credit is the customer's commitment and the next issue. The fulfillment of such continuous and complex obligations, if not at the will of the customer, is not able to be performed correctly and in an acceptable manner by the obligor. Apart from the main function of letter of credit, since such a condition in the basic transaction is a kind of guarantee for payment of the price by the customer based on the introduction of a guarantor, the guarantee of violation of this condition is the same as the guarantee of violation of the condition of guarantor in Article 243 of the Civil Code is the right to terminate the transaction. The 1980 Vienna Convention provides performance guarantees, including the request for objective performance of the obligation, termination of the contract, reduction of price and compensation for breach of obligations of the seller and the customer. In the present article, by examining the jurisprudence and legal system of Iran, the International Convention on the Sale of Goods seeks to respond to the guarantee of violation of the condition of opening the LC in the basic transaction.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • LC opening condition
  • authentication capability
  • UCP 600
  • verb condition
  • annulment

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 10 آذر 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 27 دی 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 25 اسفند 1399

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