رسیدگی به پولشویی و اثبات آن در پرتو سیاست جنایی تقنینی-قضایی ایران و استانداردهای FATF

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه حقوق،دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران

چکیده

در سال‌های اخیر بزه پولشویی به عنوان یکی از منابع مهم تأمین مالی تروریسم در کانون توجه جامعه ­ی جهانی و نظام‌های حقوقی ملی قرار گرفته است. در این راستا، FATF به منظور پیشگیری و مبارزه با پولشویی ضمن تشویق کشورها به جرم‌انگاری آن در حقوق داخلی، استانداردهای حداقلی را تنظیم و تبعیت از آنها را به دولت‌ها توصیه کرده است. ویژگی‌های خاص پولشویی و تنوع روش‌های ارتکاب آن، مقامات قضایی کشورها را در رسیدگی به این جرم و اثبات آن با مشکلات عدیده‌ای روبه رو کرده است. FATF در سال 2018 با برگزاری کارگاهی آموزشی برای مقامات قضایی کشورها به تشریح استانداردهای لازم در رسیدگی قضایی و اثبات آن پرداخت و ضمن ارائه ­ی توصیه‌‌هایی در زمینه­ ی عنصر روانی و تعدیل اصل برائت، بر عدم وابستگی اثبات پولشویی بر اثبات جرم منشاء تأکید کرد. نوشتار حاضر بر آن است با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، ضمن تبیین استانداردهای مذکور رویکرد سیاست جنایی تقنینی-قضایی ایران را بررسی کند تا میزان همسویی با این استانداردها مشخص و مشکلات یا خلاءهای احتمالی روشن شود. در این راستا، پس از بررسی موازین و چارچوب سیاست جنایی ایران که عمدتاً در قانون مبارزه با پولشویی مصوب 1386 (اصلاحی 1397) و آیین‌نامه اجرایی آن، نظریات مشورتی اداره حقوقی قوه قضائیه و پاره‌ای از آرای محاکم دادگستری متبلور است، مشخص می‌شود که سیاست جنایی تقنینی-قضایی ایران در بخشی از این قواعد، مطابق با استانداردهای FATF رفتار کرده است و در مواردی نیز به علت عدم مطابقت، مشکلات و خلاءهایی به ویژه در امر رسیدگی قضایی به پولشویی وجود دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Prosecution and Proof of Money-Laundering in the Light of Iran’s Legislative-Judicial Criminal Policy and FATF Standards

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Jamali Hajiani 1
  • Esmaeil Abdollahi 2
  • Ahmad Mirzaei 3
1 PhD Student, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
2 ‌‌Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr , Iran
چکیده [English]

In recent years, money-laundering offence has seen a surge in interest from the international community and the national legal systems as an important conduit for financing terrorism. Against this backdrop, FATF has formulated minimum standards and urged the states to comply with them, hoping to prevent and combat money-laundering while at the same time encouraging the countries to criminalize it in their domestic laws. Money-laundering takes place in a diverse variety of ways, and has many particularities. This has deeply troubled judicial authorities engaged in prosecution and proof of the offence. In 2018, the FATF set up an educational workshop to instruct judicial authorities from different countries on the imperative standards in judicial prosecution and proof of money-laundering. It also provided points on the issue of Mens rea and the modification of the principle of innocence and emphasized that proving money-laundering does not depend on proving the primary offence. In addition to explicating the standards mentioned above, this article aims to explore Iran’s legislative-judicial approach to criminal policy by the use of the descriptive-analytical method. It seeks to elucidate the extent to which current practices are in line with these standards, and also shed light on the existing drawbacks and lacunae. To achieve this goal, the principles and the framework of Iran’s criminal policy in Anti-Money Laundering Law adopted in 2008 (amended in 2018) and its executive guidelines, as well as consultative views of the legal department of the judiciary and a number of judgments of the courts of justice are discussed. The article then concludes that Iran’s legislative-judicial criminal policy has adhered to the FATF’s standards in some regards, while defying these standards in other cases, thereby creating drawbacks and lacunae, notably in judicial prosecution of money-laundering.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Money Laundering
  • Criminal Policy
  • Principle of Innocence
  • Predicate Offence
  • FATF
  • Acquisition of Illegitimate Property

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 06 آبان 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 16 دی 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 26 اسفند 1399

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