مطالعه تطبیقی نظام حقوقی پسماند و پساب در ایران و آلمان با تأکید بر اصول حکمرانی خوب

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده کمیسر دریایی، دانشگاه علوم دریایی امام خمینی(ره)، نوشهر، ایران

چکیده

مدیریت پسماند و پساب یکی از چالش‌های اساسی زیست‌محیطی و حکمرانی پایدار در جوامع معاصر است که مستقیماً با سلامت عمومی، توسعه پایدار و حفاظت منابع طبیعی ارتباط دارد. این پژوهش با رویکرد تطبیقی، قوانین و مقررات مرتبط با پسماند و پساب در ایران و آلمان را با تأکید بر اصول حکمرانی خوب شامل شفافیت، پاسخ‌گویی، مشارکت عمومی، کارایی، حاکمیت قانون، عدالت و پایداری مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی–تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعه اسنادی، بررسی قوانین داخلی، دستورالعمل‌های اتحادیه اروپا و گزارش‌های بین‌المللی مرتبط است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که آلمان با بهره‌گیری از سیاست‌های اقتصاد چرخشی، ایجاد نظام یکپارچه پایش و داده‌های محیط‌زیستی، تقسیم وظایف نهادی شفاف، ضمانت‌اجراهای مؤثر و مشارکت گسترده شهروندان و سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد، توانسته عملکردی پایدار، کارآمد و اثرگذار در مدیریت پسماند و پساب ایجاد کند. در مقابل، ایران با وجود تصویب قوانین متعدد مانند قانون مدیریت پسماند و قانون حفاظت و بهسازی محیط زیست، در مرحله اجرا با چالش‌های جدی از جمله تداخل وظایف نهادی، نبود سامانه جامع پایش، کمبود منابع مالی و تجهیزات شهرداری‌ها، ضعف ضمانت‌اجراها و مشارکت محدود شهروندان مواجه است. تحلیل تطبیقی نشان می‌دهد که اصلاح ساختار قانونی و نهادی، تقویت نظارت و ضمانت‌اجرا، افزایش مشارکت اجتماعی، و بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌های نوین، به همراه الهام‌گیری از تجربه آلمان و استانداردهای اتحادیه اروپا، می‌تواند چارچوبی کارآمد و پایدار برای مدیریت پسماند و پساب در ایران فراهم سازد. این پژوهش بر اهمیت بازنگری قوانین و ایجاد سیاست‌های مبتنی بر شواهد و داده تأکید دارد و نشان می‌دهد که حکمرانی خوب زیربنای تحقق مدیریت پایدار محیط زیست است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Study of the Solid Waste and Wastewater Legal Framework in Iran and Germany with an Emphasis on Good Governance Principles

نویسنده [English]

  • AmirNezam Barati
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Maritime Commissioner, Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences, Nowshahr, Iran
چکیده [English]

Waste and wastewater management represents a fundamental environmental and governance challenge in contemporary societies, directly linked to public health, sustainable development, and natural resource protection. This study adopts a comparative approach to examine the legal frameworks related to waste and wastewater management in Iran and Germany, emphasizing good governance principles, including transparency, accountability, public participation, efficiency, rule of law, equity, and sustainability. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method based on document analysis, reviewing domestic laws, European Union directives, and relevant international reports. Findings indicate that Germany, through circular economy policies, integrated environmental monitoring systems, clear institutional task allocation, effective enforcement mechanisms, and active citizen and non-governmental organization participation, has established a sustainable, efficient, and effective waste and wastewater management system. In contrast, although Iran has enacted several laws, such as the Waste Management Act and the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, its implementation faces significant challenges, including overlapping institutional responsibilities, lack of a comprehensive monitoring system, insufficient financial and technical resources at the municipal levels, weak enforcement, and limited public engagement. Comparative analysis suggests that reforming the legal and institutional structure, strengthening oversight and enforcement, enhancing social participation, and leveraging modern technologies—guided by Germany's experience and EU standards—can provide an effective and sustainable framework for Iran. This study emphasizes the importance of law revision, evidence-based policymaking, and the adoption of data-driven strategies. The results indicate that good governance forms the foundational basis for achieving sustainable environmental management and ensuring long-term protection of ecosystems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Legal system of waste management
  • Wastewater
  • Good governance
  • Germany
  • Iran
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