شناسایی مبانی قابل استناد در دعاوی جبران خسارت علیه دولت با نگاهی تطبیقی به حقوق انگلستان

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه حقوق، واحد بابل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بابل، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

چکیده

مبانی جبران خسارت از حیث ضرورت وجود یا عدم وجود تقصیر در فعل زیانبار، به مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر همچون نظریه تقصیر، در مقابل مسئولیت بدون تقصیر که شامل نظریاتی چون ایجاد خطر، تضمین حق و غیره است تفکیک می‌شود. دعاوی جبران خسارت علیه دولت نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نبوده و به عنوان مصداقی از این قاعده باید در این دسته بندی قرار گیرند. پرسش پژوهش حاضر این است که مراجع رسیدگی کننده به دعوای جبران خسارت علیه دولت، همچون دادگاه عمومی و دیوان عدالت اداری، با اتکا به کدام یک از نظریات یادشده می‌تواند اقدام به رسیدگی و صدور حکم نمایند. این اعتقاد وجود دارد که مبنای مسئولیت مدنی در حقوق ایران پس ازتصویب قانون مدنی صرفاً تقصیر است؛ بنابراین مبنای دعوای جبران خسارت علیه دولت نیز جز این نمی‌تواند باشد. در این پژوهش با بررسی تحلیلی وتوصیفی، به موضوع پرداخته شد که، نه تنها مبنای مسئولیت مدنی منحصر به تقصیر نیست، بلکه دادگاه عمومی در رسیدگی به دعوای جبران خسارت علیه دولت می‌تواند حسب مورد از هریک از مبانی مسئولیت مدنی استفاده نماید، اما از آن جهت که به موجب تبصره1 ماده10 قانون تشکیلات وآیین دادرسی دیوان عدالت اداری مصوب1402، دیوان عدالت اداری، تنها درصورتی که خسارت وارد شده ناشی از تخلف از اجرای وظایف قانونی یا ترک آن (به عنوان مصداقی از تقصیر) باشد، صلاحیت رسیدگی به دعوا را داشته و درغیراین صورت صالح به رسیدگی نیست، و براین اساس می‌تواند صرفاً از نظریه تقصیر به عنوان مبنای مسئولیت دولت در جبران خسارت وارده به شهروندان استفاده نماید. در نظام حقوقی انگلستان، مرجع اختصاصی و مستقلی برای رسیدگی به دعاوی اداری وجود ندارد و این دعاوی در چارچوب دادگاه‌های عمومی و بر مبنای مسئولیت ناشی از تقصیر، مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying Citable Legal Bases in Compensation Claims Against the State, A Comparative Perspective on English Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rahele Tahmasbi AhangarKola 1
  • Ali Babayi Mehr 2
  • seyyed Hasan Hosseini Moghadam 3
1 PhD student in Public Law, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The foundations of compensation for damages, in terms of the necessity or non-necessity of the existence of fault in the harmful act, are divided into fault-based liability, such as the fault theory, in contrast to liability without fault, which includes theories such as risk creation, guarantee of rights, and the like. Claims for compensation against the government are likewise not exempt from this rule and, as an instance thereof, must be placed within this classification. The question of the present research is this: upon which of the aforementioned theories may the authorities adjudicating claims for compensation against the government, such as the General Court and the Administrative Justice Court, rely in proceeding with adjudication and issuing judgments? There exists the belief that the basis of civil liability in Iranian law, following the enactment of the Civil Code, is solely fault; therefore, the basis of claims for compensation against the government can likewise be nothing other than this. In the present research, through analytical and descriptive examination, it was addressed that not only is the basis of civil liability not confined to fault, but also that the General Court, in adjudicating claims for compensation against the government, may, as the case may require, make use of any of the bases of civil liability. However, because pursuant to Note 1 of Article 10 of the Law on the Organization and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court enacted in 2023, the Administrative Justice Court possesses jurisdiction to hear claims only where the damage inflicted results from violation in the execution of legal duties or omission thereof (as an instance of fault), and otherwise lacks jurisdiction to hear the matter, it may therefore rely solely upon the fault theory as the basis of governmental liability in compensating damages inflicted upon citizens. In the legal system of England, there exists no special and independent authority for adjudicating administrative claims, and such claims are examined within the framework of the general courts and on the basis of liability arising from fault.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fault
  • Government
  • Compensation for Damages
  • General Court
  • Administrative Justice Court
  • High Court
  • County Courts

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 24 اردیبهشت 1405
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 08 خرداد 1405

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