رویه های زیان آور علیه زنان در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر: ساختار و مخاطرات

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد حقوق بشر، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 استادیار گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

چکیده

نقض حقوق بشر فارغ از شدت و ضعف می تواند به اعتبار پراکندگی و یا رویه محور بودنِ نقض ها قابل تفکیک و ارزیابی باشد. در حالت اخیر مفاهیمی چون نقض سیستمیک، نقض سیستماتیک و نقض رویه ای حقوق بشر قابل ردیابی در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر است. موضوع رویه های زیان آور مورد توجه برخی معاهدات و اسناد بین المللی حقوق بشر به ویژه در حوزه حقوق زنان و کودکان بوده است. نظر به فقر نظری در این حوزه، جستار حاضر در صدد توصیف مفهوم رویه های زیان آور و تحلیل ساختار و مخاطرات این پدیده است و این پرسش را پاسخ می دهد که در نظام بین المللی حقوق بشر چه کنش هایی را میتوان به عنوان رویه های زیان آور شناخت؟ تعامل رویه های زیان آور و مفهوم رفتار غیر انسانی و خوارکننده در رویه قضایی و آموزه های حقوقدانان اهمیت و مخاطرات چنین رویه هایی را بیش از پیش بازنمایی می کند و خود از انگیزه های تدوین این نوشتار است. به نظر می رسد رویه های زیان آور در نظام حقوق بشر به عنوان هر الگوی مستمر و یکنواخت از رویکردها و رفتارهای غیرانسانی شناخته می شود که اثر غایی آن نقض یا انکار حقوق بنیادین ذی نفعان است. بازتولید در گذر زمان، استمرار، یکنواختی و آشکار بودن، سبب شده است که این الگوهای زیان آورِ رویکردی و رفتاری به عنوان رویه شناخته شوند؛ امری که ممیزِ رویه های زیان آور از نقض های موردی و پراکنده حقوق بشر است. در گذر زمان، خاستگاه فرهنگی، اجتماعی، سنتی و یا مناسکی به یاری این رویه ها آمده اند و بقای چنین الگوهای آسیب زایی از کنش ها را تضمین کرده اند. پژوهش حاضر منصرف از بررسی حجاب اجباری در برخی نظام های حقوقی است. به باور دیوان بین المللی کیفری در قضیه "الحسن"، اجبار به حجاب و تعریف ضمانت اجرای کیفری از جمله حبس و شلاق برای نقض قوانین حجاب به شرط حصول سایر شرایط، می تواند در قالب "تعقیب و آزار افراد یک گروه بر پایه های جنسیتی" و ذیل ماده 7 اساسنامه دیوان به عنوان جنایت علیه بشریت تلقی شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Harmful Practices Against Women in International Human Rights Law: Structure and Consequences

نویسندگان [English]

  • Atiyeh Zeidabadinejad 1
  • Ehsan Shahsavari 2
1 Master of Human Rights, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]

Human rights violations, regardless of their severity, can be categorized and analyzed based on whether they occur as isolated incidents or as part of established and consistent practices. In the latter context, concepts such as systemic, systematic, and practice-based violations of human rights are examined within international human rights law—an issue explicitly addressed under the notion of harmful practices in certain international human rights treaties and instruments. Due to a lack of theoretical foundations, this article aims to conceptualize harmful practices and analyze their structural features and inherent risks. It further seeks to address which types of acts or conduct may qualify as harmful practices within international human rights law. The interaction between harmful practices and the notion of inhuman and degrading treatment, as reflected in judicial precedent and legal doctrine, underscores the gravity and dangers of such practices and serves as a principal motivation for this research. It is argued that harmful practices in human rights law may be understood as any persistent, uniform, and obvious pattern of inhuman conduct whose ultimate effect is the violation or denial of the fundamental rights of rights-holders. Characteristics such as repetition over time, continuity, uniformity, and pervasiveness distinguish harmful practices from isolated and sporadic human rights violations. Over time, cultural, social, traditional, and ritual foundations have reinforced these practices, thereby ensuring the persistence of such harmful patterns of conduct. This research does not aim to examine models of compulsory veiling within certain legal systems. The jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court in the Al Hassan case corroborates this position. The Court considered that the enforcement of mandatory veiling, coupled with the imposition of criminal penalties—such as imprisonment and corporal punishment—for non-compliance, provided that the contextual and material elements are met, may fall within the definition of “persecution against an identifiable group on gender grounds” pursuant to Article 7 of the Rome Statute, thereby constituting a crime against humanity.  The jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court in the Al Hassan case supports this position. The Court held that the enforcement of mandatory veiling, combined with the imposition of criminal penalties—such as imprisonment and corporal punishment—for non-compliance, provided that the contextual and material elements are satisfied, may constitute “persecution against an identifiable group on gender grounds” under Article 7 of the Rome Statute, thereby qualifying as a crime against humanity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Inhuman Behaviors
  • Harmful Practices
  • Gender-based Discrimination
  • Women's Rights
  • Physical and Mental Harm

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 15 فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 15 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 17 آبان 1404

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