ضرورت‌های تحمیلی (قراردادی و غیرقراردادی) بر حقوق معنوی مؤلف در پرتو نظریه قراردادپذیری در ایران و اتحادیه اروپا

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق تجارت و سرمایه گذاری بین المللی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه حقوق مالکیت فکری، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده

حقوق معنوی به‌ عنوان بازتاب و آیینه‌ای از شخصیت، باور و افکار پدیدآورندگان دانسته شده‌ است. با این حال، علی رغم صیانت از شخصیت، شهرت، اعتبار و خلاقیت پدیدآورندگان که متجلّی در آثار ادبی و هنری است، این حقوق با حقوق شخصیت که خاص هر انسان به صرف انسان بودن است، دارای تمایزاتی می‌باشد که سبب نفی مطلق گرایی نسبت به وجوه و خصیصه های آن و به طور خاص، ویژگی سلب‌ناپذیری می شود که این امر اراده ی آزادانه پدیدآورنده در تعیین فرجام دستاورد فکری را رقم خواهد زد و در نتیجه، امکان اعطای نیابت در اعمال حقوق معنوی، اسقاط حق تحت شرایط مشخص و تعیین چهارچوب بهره برداری از اثر نظیر تغییرات قابل اعمال را به پدیدآورنده اعطا می کند. با این حال، بهره‌برداری از آثار ادبی و هنری ناگزیر با الزاماتی روبه‌رو خواهد بود که گاه از طریق قرارداد و گاه به‌واسطه قواعد آمره و ملاحظات نظم عمومی و غیرقراردادی بر خالقان آثار فکری تحمیل می‌گردد که می‌توانند اعمال حقوق معنوی را در عمل دگرگون ساخته و اراده‌ی آزادانه‌ وی در تعیین سرنوشت دستاورد فکری را محدود نمایند. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد تحلیلی - توصیفی، الزامات قراردادی و غیرقراردادی ناظر بر حقوق معنوی مؤلف در ایران و اتحادیه اروپا را مورد بررسی قرار داده و در نهایت این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود که با پذیرش نظریه قراردادپذیری در دو نظام مذکور، پدیدآورندگان ناگزیر از تبعیت از قواعد عمومی قراردادها و ملاحظات فنی و مرتبط با نظم عمومی در توافقات خود خواهند بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Imposed Obligations (Contractual and Non-Contractual) on Authors’ Moral Rights in view of Contractability Theory in Iran and the European Union

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Javad Mohammad Karimi 1
  • Pejman Mohammadi 2
1 Ph.D. Student in International Trade and Investment Law, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Intellectual Property Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Moral rights are traditionally conceived as a reflection of an author’s personality, beliefs, and ideas. Nonetheless, while safeguarding the author’s personality, reputation, dignity, and creativity as embodied in literary and artistic works, these rights remain distinct from general personality rights inherent in every human being. This distinction precludes absolute approaches to their features -particularly the principle of inalienability - and thereby grants authors a degree of autonomy in determining the fate of their intellectual creations. Consequently, under certain conditions, authors may delegate the exercise of moral rights, waive them to a limited extent, or define the framework for the exploitation of the work, including permissible modifications. However, the exploitation of literary and artistic works is inevitably subject to obligations imposed either contractually, through agreements between the parties, or non-contractually, through mandatory rules and considerations of public order. Such obligations may, in practice, reshape the scope of moral rights and restrict the author’s freedom in determining the destiny of intellectual outputs. This research, through an analytical-descriptive approach, examines both contractual and non-contractual obligations affecting authors’ moral rights in Iran and the European Union. The findings demonstrate that, notwithstanding the theoretical acceptance of the contractability of moral rights in both legal systems, authors remain bound by general contractual rules as well as mandatory provisions and considerations of public order and technical regulation in their agreements.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Moral Rights
  • Contractability
  • Contractual and Non-Contractual Obligations
  • Inalienability
  • Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market
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