بررسی مسئولیت مدنی تولیدکنندگان در تصادفات خودروهای خودران با تأکید بر قانون هوش مصنوعی 2024 اتحادیه اروپا: مطالعه تطبیقی ایران و آلمان

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد سبزوار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سبزوار، ایران.

چکیده

تحول فناورانه در حوزه هوش مصنوعی، به‌ویژه در صنعت خودروسازی و تولید خودروهای خودران، ساختار سنتی مسئولیت مدنی را با چالش‌های بنیادین مواجه ساخته است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تحلیل تطبیقی مسئولیت مدنی تولیدکنندگان خودروهای خودران در نظام‌های حقوقی ایران و آلمان با تأکید ویژه بر قانون هوش مصنوعی ۲۰۲۴ اتحادیه اروپا است. تمرکز اصلی مقاله بر نقش تولیدکنندگان در صورت بروز نقص در سامانه‌های هوشمند و بررسی الزامات حقوقی نوین همچون جابه‌جایی بار اثبات و مسئولیت محض است.
روش این پژوهش، توصیفی-تحلیلی و تطبیقی است که با بهره‌گیری از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، قوانین، مقررات و آراء قضایی، چارچوب حقوقی دو کشور ایران و آلمان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در بخش تطبیقی، تحلیل مواد قانون هوش مصنوعی، دستورالعمل مسئولیت مدنی اتحادیه اروپا و رویه‌های قضایی از جمله پرونده تسلا در دادگاه‌های آلمان به‌عنوان نمونه عملی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.
یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که در حقوق آلمان، در پرتو قانون هوش مصنوعی و تحولات تقنینی اتحادیه اروپا، رویکرد مسئولیت تولیدکننده به‌سمت مسئولیت محض تغییر یافته و دادگاه‌ها با فرض وجود نقص در سامانه، بار اثبات را به تولیدکننده منتقل می‌کنند. در مقابل، در نظام حقوقی ایران هرچند ظرفیت‌های فقهی و قانونی برای پذیرش این رویکرد وجود دارد، اما در غیاب قانون‌گذاری خاص، قواعد سنتی مبتنی بر تقصیر همچنان غلبه دارند. در نتیجه، تحول در مسئولیت مدنی تولیدکنندگان در مواجهه با فناوری‌های خودران، مستلزم بازنگری در مبانی نظری، اصلاح قوانین موضوعه، و تدوین مقررات اختصاصی در حقوق ایران است. این تحول می‌تواند با الگوبرداری از چارچوب مسئولیت‌محور اتحادیه اروپا و تقویت سازوکارهای جبران خسارت، به حمایت مؤثرتر از زیان‌دیدگان و تنظیم پیشگیرانه بازار فناوری منجر شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Civil Liability of Manufacturers in Accidents Involving Autonomous Vehicles with Emphasis on the 2024 EU Artificial Intelligence Act: A Comparative Study of Iran and Germany

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid Hamidian 1
  • Zahara Bonjakhi 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Master of Private Law, Faculty of Humanities, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Technological advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (particularly in the automotive industry and the development of autonomous vehicles) have fundamentally challenged the traditional structure of civil liability. This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of the civil liability of autonomous vehicle manufacturers in the legal systems of Iran and Germany, with a special focus on the 2024 EU Artificial Intelligence Act. The primary emphasis is placed on the role of manufacturers in cases of defects in intelligent systems, as well as the emerging legal requirements such as the reversal of the burden of proof and the imposition of strict liability.
This research adopts a descriptive-analytical and comparative method, drawing upon library resources, statutory laws, regulations, and judicial decisions to examine the legal frameworks of Iran and Germany. In the comparative section, specific attention is given to the provisions of the EU AI Act, the Directive on Civil Liability, and judicial practices (such as the Tesla case in German courts) as practical examples.
The findings indicate that, under German law and in light of the AI Act and recent legislative developments in the EU, the approach to manufacturer liability has shifted toward strict liability. Courts tend to presume defects in intelligent systems and shift the burden of proof to the manufacturer. In contrast, despite the existence of jurisprudential and legal capacities in Iranian law, the absence of specific legislation has preserved the dominance of traditional fault-based rules.
In conclusion, adapting civil liability frameworks for manufacturers in response to autonomous technologies requires a fundamental revision of legal doctrines, amendment of existing laws, and the enactment of dedicated regulations in Iran. Such legal transformation (drawing on the EU’s liability-oriented model) can enhance victim protection and facilitate proactive regulation of emerging technologies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Autonomous Vehicles
  • Civil Liability of Manufacturers
  • Strict Liability
  • 2024 EU Artificial Intelligence Act

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 24 اردیبهشت 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 24 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 04 مرداد 1404

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