امکان سنجی واگذاری حضانت به اشخاص ثالث در فقه امامیه، فقه عامه و حقوق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

حضانت اختیار و قدرتی است که قانون جهت نگهداری کودک، به پدر و مادر اعطا نموده است. قانون مدنی در ماده 1168 حضانت را هم حق و هم تکلیف ابوین به شمار آورده و بیان می‏دارد که ابوین حق ندارند در مدتی که حضانت طفل با آن‏هاست، از نگاهداری او امتناع نمایند. با وجود این، ممکن است پدر و مادر به دلایل مختلفی، خواستار انتقال حق حضانت به شخص دیگری باشند، لذا این پژوهش با شیوه توصیفی و تحلیلی و با رویکردی فقهی و حقوقی در مورد امکان یا عدم امکان واگذاری حق حضانت، از سوی پدر و مادر، به شخص ثالث می‏پردازد. به عقیده برخی از فقها امکان انتقال حق حضانت به دیگری وجود ندارد، زیرا در حضانت، مباشرت والدین در اجرای حضانت شرط است و برای طفل نیز در حضانت، حقی وجود دارد. به علاوه قواعد مربوط به حضانت، جزء قواعد آمره و مربوط به نظم عمومی است. در مقابل بعضی دیگر از فقها بیان می‏دارند که در حضانت شرط مباشرت نشده و لذا پدر و مادر می‏توانند آن را به دیگری در قالب وکالت، نیابت و اجیر کردن، منتقل نمایند، که البته در تمامی این موارد، انتقال حضانت باید با اشراف کامل حاضن باشد. لذا پدر و مادر، امکان واگذاری کامل حق حضانت، به شخص ثالث را ندارند. در قانون مدنی از امکان انتقال حضانت به دیگری بحثی نشده اما در قانون حمایت خانواده، قانون مسئولیت مدنی، قانون اهدا جنین به زوجین نابارور و قانون حمایت از کوکان بی سرپرست و بدسرپرست قانون‏گذار امکان واگذاری حضانت به شخص ثالث را پذیرفته است. بررسی قوانین مذکور نشانگر آن است که قانون‏گذار در موارد استثائی که مصلحت طفل اقتضاء نماید، واگذاری حضانت به طور جزئی یا کلی را مورد پذیرش قرار داده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Feasibility study of transferring custody to third parties in Imamiyya jurisprudence, public jurisprudence and Iranian law

نویسنده [English]

  • Somaye Zohuri
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Custody is the authority and power that the law has granted to parents to take care of a child. The Civil Code, in Article 1168, considers custody both a right and an obligation of the parents and states that the parents do not have the right to refuse to take care of the child while they have custody of the child. However, parents may want to transfer custody rights to another person for various reasons, so this research, using a descriptive and analytical method and a jurisprudential and legal approach, deals with the possibility or impossibility of transferring custody rights from parents to a third party. According to some jurists, it is not possible to transfer custody rights to another person, because in custody, parental supervision is a condition for exercising custody, and the child also has a right in custody. In addition, the rules related to custody are mandatory rules and are related to public order. On the other hand, some other jurists state that custody is not a condition of management, and therefore the parents can transfer it to another person in the form of power of attorney, proxy, or hiring. Therefore, parents do not have the possibility of transferring full custody rights to a third party. The Civil Code does not discuss the possibility of transferring custody to another person, but in the Family Protection Law, the Civil Liability Law, the Law on Donating Embryos to Infertile Couples, and the Law on Protecting Uncared and Abused Children, the legislator has accepted the possibility of transferring custody to a third party.  A review of the aforementioned laws indicates that the legislator has accepted the transfer of custody, partially or completely, in exceptional cases where the best interests of the child require it.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Custody
  • proxyability
  • child
  • father
  • mother
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