امکان سنجی اعمال اصل احتیاط در حقوق مسؤولیت مدنی ایران با تأکید بر نظام حقوقی فرانسه

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در عصر حاضر، بشر متوجه شده است که ضرورت جلوگیری از خطر، نباید صرفا محدود به خطرات قطعی باشد که رابطه‌ی سببیت میان آن‌ها و وقوع زیان از نظر علمی ثابت شده بلکه لازم است در مواردی نیز که رابطه‌ی سببیت میان خطر و وقوع زیان سنگین باعدم قطعیت علمی مواجه است و این عدم قطعیت، از درجه احتمال گذر کرده و به مرحله ظن رسیده باشد، از اصل احتیاط و اقدامات احتیاطی بهره برد. حال آیا با توجه به ساختار نظام مسئولیت مدنی، می توان این اصل را به عنوان یک تکلیف در نظام های حقوقی در نظر گرفت؟ در رویه قضایی برخی کشورهای اروپایی همچون فرانسه این اصل به عنوان یک تکلیف قانونی شناخته شده و دارای کارکرد بازدارندگی است. این مقاله با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای، امکان پذیری اعمال اصل احتیاط در حقوق ایران را بررسی می کند. نتایج نشان می دهد که با توجه به قانون الحاق دولت جمهوری اسلامی ایران به کنوانسیون تنوع زیستی مصوب 1375 و قانون کنوانسیون چارچوب حفاظت از محیط زیست دریایی دریای خزر مصوب 1384 که در آن از اصل احتیاط سخن گفته شده، زمینه برای اعمال این اصل در حقوق ایران وجود دارد و مسئولیت مدنی صرفا مختص جبران خسارت از ضرر نبوده بلکه جلوگیری از وقوع خطرِ مظنون منجر به خسارت را که از نظر عقلی و اقتصادی مقابله با آن قابل توجیه باشد، در بر می‌گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Feasibility of applying the precautionary principle in Iran's civil liability law with emphasis on the French legal system

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Asadi 1
  • Hasan Badini 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In the present era, humanity has realized that the necessity of preventing danger should not be limited only to definite dangers where the causal relationship between them and the occurrence of harm has been scientifically proven. Rather, it is necessary to utilize the precautionary principle and precautionary measures in cases where the causal relationship between the danger and the occurrence of severe harm faces scientific uncertainty, and this uncertainty has passed the degree of probability and reached the stage of suspicion. Now, considering the structure of the civil liability system, can this principle be considered a duty in legal systems? In the judicial practice of some European countries such as France, this principle has been recognized as a legal duty and has a deterrent function. This article examines the feasibility of applying the precautionary principle in Iranian law using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources. The results show that given the Law on the Accession of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Convention on Biological Diversity approved in 1996 and the Law on the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea approved in 2005, which mentions the precautionary principle, there is a basis for applying this principle in Iranian law, and civil liability is not limited to compensation for harm, but also includes preventing the occurrence of a suspected risk leading to damage that can be rationally and economically justified in dealing with.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Definite Dangers
  • Elements of Civil Liability
  • Precautionary Principle
  • Prevention Principle
  • Suspected Dangers

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 09 خرداد 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 14 خرداد 1404

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