تأثیر اتلاف اقتصادی بر شیوه جبرانی پرداخت خسارت و الزام به اجرای تعهد در حقوق آمریکا و ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

چکیده

یکی از جنبه های مهم نقض تعهدات قراردادی، مقابله با آن از طریق شیوه های جبرانی است. از شیوه های مهم مقابله با نقض قرارداد، پرداخت غرامت یا خسارت پولی (Damages) است که به عنوان قاعده اولیه در حقوق آمریکا پذیرفته شده است و خود به سه دسته خسارت انتظار، اعتماد و استرداد تقسیم می‌شود. در خصوص ارزیابی خسارت انتظار دو معیار وجود دارد: هزینه اصلاح و تفاوت ارزش. در صورت اجرای خلاف مشخصات قراردادی در خصوص قراردادهای ساخت و ساز، طبق قاعدة اولیه، خسارت انتظار باید بر مبنای معیار هزینه اصلاح پرداخت شود. با این حال چنانچه در قراردادهای ساختمانی، بخش عمده کار انجام شده و هزینه اصلاح، مستلزم اتلاف اقتصادی نامتعارف باشد، معیار هزینه اصلاح کنار گذاشته و قاعده اتلاف اقتصادی اعمال می‌ گردد. در حقوق ایران، قاعده اولیه مقابله با نقض قرارداد، الزام به اجرای عین تعهد است، با این‌حال، می توان ادعا کرد که در حقوق ایران نیز یکی از موانع الزام به اجرای تعهد اتلاف اقتصادی است. در برخی قوانین از جمله تبصره 2 ماده 100 قانون شهرداری و موادی از غصب در قانون مدنی و همچنین در رویه قضایی به گونه غیرمستقیم به این قاعده اشاره شده است. از این رو، با مطالعه دقیق در حقوق موضوعه ایران می توان به مواردی دست یافت که توجه قانونگذار را به قاعده اتلاف اقتصادی نشان می دهد. این مقاله می‌کوشد پس از بررسی مفهوم و پیشینه قاعده اتلاف اقتصادی، جایگاه و نقش این قاعده را در بین شیوه های مقابله با نقض قرارداد در حقوق ایران و آمریکا تحلیل کند و شرایط اعمال و آثار آن را بررسی نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of economic waste on the compensatory method of payment of damages and specific performance in American and Iranian law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zohreh Najafi 1
  • Esmail Nematollahi 2
1 PhD student in private law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
چکیده [English]

One of the important aspects of breach of contractual obligations is dealing with it through compensatory methods. One of the important methods of dealing with breach of contract is compensation or monetary damages, which is accepted as the basic rule in American law. And it is divided into three categories: expectation, reliable and restitution damages. There are two criteria for the assessment of expectation damages: the cost of repair and the difference in value. In case of implementation contrary to the contractual specifications regarding construction contracts, expectation damages must be paid based on the criteria of the cost of repair. However, if the major part of the work has been done in the construction contracts and the cost of repair involves unusual economic waste, the cost of repair is set aside and the rule of economic waste is applied. In Iranian law, specific performance is applied as the basic rule for dealing with breach of contract. It can be claimed that in Iranian law, one of the obstacles faced by Specific Performance is the theory of economic waste. As in some laws, including Note 2 of Article 100 of the Municipal Law and articles of usurpation in the civil law, as well as in the judicial procedure, this rule is indirectly mentioned. Therefore, by carefully studying the subject laws of Iran, we can find cases that show the legislator's attention to the rule of economic waste. After examining the concept, the background of the rule of economic waste, this article tries to analyze the position and role of this rule in the methods of dealing with the breach of contract in Iranian and American law, and the conditions of application and effects of this rule are also examined regarding the method of compensation for the breach of contract.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Breach of contract
  • Specific performance
  • expectation damages
  • cost of repair
  • economic waste
  • American law

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پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 9، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 18
در حال ویراستاری و صفحه آرایی
تیر 1404

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 21 آذر 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 19 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 20 فروردین 1404

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