بررسی اصل ارزش عددی؛ مطالعه‌ای تطبیقی در حقوق ایران و انگلستان

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

محاسبة هر دین پولی تا هنگام سررسید، موضوع مهم و کم‌تر توجه‌شده‌ای در حقوق ما است؛ چراکه گمان می‌شود، اصل ارزش عددی چون دیواری بلند، بر سر راه هرتغییری قرار گرفته‌است. از این گذشته، خاستگاه و دایرة نفوذ حقوقی این اصل، به‌درستی مورد ژرف‌نگری قرار نگرفته‌است. از این‌رو، پرسش اصلی پیش‌روی نگارندگان در این مقاله این است که این اصل تا کجا نفوذ حقوقی داشته، در صورت عدم اعمال، معیار جایگزین آن چه خواهد بود؟ در پاسخ، نگارندگان با استفاده از روش تحلیلی و توصیفی، استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و با رویکردی تطبیقی به حقوق انگلستان و ایران، به این نتیجه دست یافته‌اند که اصل ارزش عددی، تنها بر دیون و نه تعهدات پولی، آن هم در بازة زمانی ایجاد دین پولی تا به‌هنگام سررسید اعمال می‌گردد؛ با این همه، پس از اعمال آن بر دیون پولی نیز حاکمیت این اصل مطلق نبوده، منوط به عدم تحقق تورمی سرسام‌آور و افسارگسیخته خواهد بود. در این صورت، بازگشت به ارادة ضمنی یا مفروض طرفین و استفاده از معیار نوعی یا موضوعی سنجش‌گر تورم راه‌گشا بوده، می‌تواند جایگزین ارزیابی طرفین گردد. وانگهی، بهره‌گیری از معیار تورم نوعی که بیان‌گر میانگین افزایش قیمت کالاها و خدمات است، در جملگی موارد نمی‌تواند راه‌گشا باشد و کاهش ارزش واقعی موضوع معاملة طرفین را جبران سازد. از این‌رو، استفاده از معیارهای موضوعی که کاهش ارزش موضوع معاملة طرفین را جبران می‌سازد، مبنای مناسب‌تری بوده، در شرایطی اعمال آن در حقوق ما تجویز شده‌است. بدین‌سان، با بهره‌گیری از ملاک آن می‌توان استفاده از آن را تا آن‌جاکه ممکن است، به مصادیق مشابه، مانند قراردادهای تجاری، گسترش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of Principle of Nominalism; A Comparative Study of Iranian Law and English Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hassan Mohseni 1
  • Taha Arabasadi 2
  • Amir Ghaffari 3
1 Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD student in Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 PhD student in Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

An important but neglected aspect of our law is the issue of assessment of monetary debts until maturity. The principle of Nominalism is believed to have served as a barrier to any change in the quantum of monetary debt. Additionally, the origin and extent of the legal influence of this principle have not been adequately examined. As a result, the main issue that the authors of this article must address is how far this principle has legal influence, and if it cannot be applied, what will be the alternative criteria? Based on analytical and descriptive methods, library resources, and a comparative approach to English and Iranian Law, the authors conclude that the principle of Nominalism's scope of application is confined to monetary debts and not to monetary obligations, and said principle is applied only during the period when monetary debts come to existence until their maturity. While its application to monetary debt is not absolute, it will not apply if staggering and unbridled inflation do not occur. in this case, an objective or subjective criterion for measuring inflation, based on the implicit or assumed intent of the parties, shall be an alternative to the initial assessment by the parties. However, relying on the objective criterion of inflation that expresses the average increase in the price of goods and services cannot be an all-encompassing solution to compensate for the actual decrease in the value of the subject of the transaction. Therefore, using subjective criteria that compensate for the decrease in value of the subject of the transaction is a more appropriate solution, and its application is permitted in our law in certain circumstances. Thus, relying on its rationale, its application can be extended to similar cases, such as commercial contracts, as far as possible.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Monetary Debt
  • Principle of Nominalism
  • Objective Inflation
  • Subjective Inflation
  • Depreciation of Currency

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 05 بهمن 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 18 فروردین 1404

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