ضابطه‌شناسی تأثیر کشف فساد شرط بر ثبوت خیار فسخ با رویکردی تطبیقی در فقه مقارن و حقوق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه فقه و حقوق، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.

2 دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، مشهد، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه مطالعات اسلامی و آینده پژوهی، دانشکده علوم خانواده، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

یکی از مسائل چالش‌برانگیز در فقه و حقوق، بررسی تأثیر کشف فساد شرط پس از انعقاد عقد بر حق فسخ مشروط له است. در این زمینه، فقهای امامیه و اهل سنت دیدگاه‌های متنوعی ارائه کرده‌اند. برخی قائل به بطلان عقد و برخی دیگر قائل به ایجاد حق فسخ برای مشروط له هستند. این پژوهش درصدد پاسخگویی به این سؤال است که آیا کشف فساد شرط پس از انعقاد عقد، موجب بطلان عقد می‌شود یا خیر؟ و در صورت عدم بطلان عقد، آیا برای مشروط‌له حق فسخ ایجاد می‌شود؟ قانون مدنی ایران نیز در مواد مختلف، احکام متفاوتی در این خصوص بیان داشته که منجر به ایجاد ابهاماتی در این زمینه شده است. این پژوهش با رویکردی تطبیقی و با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی در پی ارائه پاسخی جامع به این مسئله و رفع ابهامات موجود است. نوآوری این پژوهش، ارائه ضابطه‌ای جامع بر مبنای قیدیت شرط برای حل این چالش حقوقی است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در صورت قیدیت شرط، یعنی شرط جزئی جدایی ناپذیر از عقد باشد و جداسازی آن از نظر مطلوبیت ممکن نباشد، کشف فساد آن منجر به بطلان عقد نیز می‌شود؛ اما اگر شرط، قید تراضی نباشد و جنبه فرعی داشته و مطلوب مستقلی از عقد باشد، کشف فساد آن صرفاً موجب ایجاد حق خیار فسخ برای مشروط‌له می‌شود. بر این اساس، می‌توان تعارض ظاهری بین مواد 235 و 240 (که به مشروط له حق فسخ می‌دهد) و مواد 497 و 529 (که عقد را منفسخ می‌داند) قانون مدنی را نیز حل کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Rule-Based Analysis of the Effect of Discovering a Void Condition on the Establishment of the Right of Rescission with a Comparative Approach in Comparative Jurisprudence and Iranian Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • MohammadRasool Ahangaran 1
  • Mehdi Miri 2
  • Ahmad Saberi Majd 3
1 Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
2 PhD in Private Law, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies and Futures Studies, Faculty of Family Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

One of the challenging issues in jurisprudence and law is the examination of the effect of discovering a void condition after the conclusion of a contract on the stipulator's right of rescission. In this regard, Imami and Sunni jurists have presented various viewpoints. Some argue that the contract is invalid, while others maintain that the stipulator is entitled to the right of rescission. This research seeks to answer whether the discovery of a void condition after the contract's conclusion renders the contract invalid. If the contract is not invalid, does the stipulator gain the right of rescission? The Iranian Civil Code also presents different rulings on this matter across various articles leading to ambiguities. Using a comparative approach and a descriptive-analytical method, this research aims to provide a comprehensive answer and resolve these ambiguities. The innovation of this study lies in proposing a comprehensive rule based on the essentiality of the condition to address this legal challenge. The findings indicate that if the condition is essential—meaning it is an inseparable part of the contract and cannot be separated without affecting its desirability—the discovery of its voidness results in the contract's invalidity. However, if the condition is not essential to the agreement, having a secondary role and being separable from the contract, the discovery of its voidness only establishes the stipulator's right of rescission. This approach reconciles the apparent conflict between Articles 235 and 240 (which grant the stipulator the right of rescission) and Articles 497 and 529 (which consider the contract rescinded) of the Civil Code.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Corruption of condition
  • cancellation of contract
  • stipulation of condition
  • relationship between contract and condition
  • proof of choice

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 18 آذر 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 04 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 07 فروردین 1404

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