ارزیابی کارکرد شرط رفتار متقابل در شناسایی و اجرای احکام خارجی در حقوق ایران ؛ با تأکید بر امکان و روش‌های تعدیل آن

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

کشورهایی که به سرنوشت احکام صادره از دادگاه‌های خود در خارج از مرزهای حاکمیتشان اهمیت می‌دهند، جهت اعمال فشار یا ایجاد انگیزه برای سایر کشورها در جهت اجرای این احکام از روش‌های متفاوتی استفاده می‌کنند که نمونه‌ی آن درج شرط رفتار متقابل در قوانین مربوط به شناسایی و اجرای آرای خارجی است؛ راهی که قانون‌گذار ایران در ذیل بند 1 ماده 169 قانون اجرای احکام مدنی در پیش گرفته و در حقوق بسیاری از کشورها همچون آلمان، چین و روسیه مشاهده می‌شود. در این مقاله سعی شده احتمال اثربخش بودن این ابزار قانونی در دستیابی به هدف پیش‌گفته، به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با نگاه تطبیقی، مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که استفاده از شرط رفتار متقابل در قوانین ملّی نمی‌تواند در جهت افزایش احترام کشورهای خارجی نسبت به احکام صادره از دادگاه‌های ایران کافی باشد؛ اعمال این شرط هزینه‌های قابل‌توجهی به ‌همراه دارد و نمونه‌های تاریخی تأثیرگذاری آن بر رویکرد قوانین سایر کشورها نسبت به شناسایی و اجرای احکام خارجی بسیار نادر و به ‌صورت، استثنایی بوده است. از این رو به نظر می‌رسد محدود ساختن دامنه اعمال شرط رفتار متقابل و ارائه تفسیر مضیق از آن توسط قضات، همراه با فرض وجود رفتار متقابل و به طور کلی، اتخاذ رویکردی سهل‌گیرانه نسبت به شناسایی و اجرای آرای خارجی، می‌تواند به‌عنوان رویکردی معقول و کارآمد در جهت اعلام تمایل نظام حقوقی کشور نسبت به پذیرش و اجرای آرای خارجی و تقویت تعاملات بین‌المللی در این زمینه مورد توجه قرار گیرد .همچنین انعقاد معاهدات دو یا چندجانبه با دولت‌های دیگر در راستای همکاری قضایی و اجرای متقابل احکام، روش مطلوب دیگری جهت ارتقای قابلیت شناسایی آرای ایرانی در سایر کشورها است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

An Evaluation of the Role of the Reciprocity Requirement in the Recognition and Enforcement of Iranian Court Judgments

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Izanloo 1
  • Maryam Donyayi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD student in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Countries that prioritize the enforcement of their judgments in foreign jurisdictions often employ various strategies to encourage other countries to enforce their judgments. One such method is the inclusion of reciprocity clauses in laws governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, as exemplified by Article 169 of the Iranian Civil Execution Act. While this approach is common in many countries, including Germany, China, and Russia, a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach examines the potential effectiveness of this legal mechanism in achieving the aforementioned objective. The findings indicate that incorporating a reciprocity requirement into domestic laws is unlikely to be sufficient to enhance respect among foreign countries for judgments issued by Iranian courts. Not only does this requirement entail substantial costs, but historical examples in which it has influenced other nations’ approaches to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are exceedingly rare and exceptional. Consequently, it appears that restricting the scope of the reciprocity requirement and adopting a narrow judicial interpretation—coupled with a presumption of reciprocity and, generally, a liberal attitude toward recognizing and enforcing foreign judgments—could serve as a reasonable and effective strategy. Such an approach would signal the national legal system’s willingness to accept and enforce foreign judgments, thereby strengthening international engagement in this area. Furthermore, concluding bilateral or multilateral treaties with other states—aimed at judicial cooperation and reciprocal enforcement of judgments—represents another promising avenue for enhancing the recognition of Iranian judgments abroad.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Reciprocity
  • Recognition
  • Enforcement
  • Foreign Judgments
  • Private International Law
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