مروری بر معیارهای شناسایی و مبانی مسئولیت مدیر سایه در حقوق انگلستان، کانادا و استرالیا و امکان سنجی آن در حقوق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکدۀ الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران.

3 کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشکدۀ الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

به طور سنتی در حقوق شرکت‌ها با مدیران واقعی مواجه هستیم که به اعتبار نمایندگی شرکت، مدیریت شرکت را بر عهده داشته و به تبع، مسئولیت و تکالیفی بر عهده دارند که به اختصار تکالیف مبتنی بر امانت شناخته می‌شوند. با توسعه شرکت‌ها در حوزه بین المللی امروزه اشخاصی ورای مدیران واقعی ظهور کرده‌اند که عموماً با اعمال نفوذ بر مدیران واقعی و با هدف اجتناب از مسئولیت، به کنترل عملی شرکت می‌پردازند بی آنکه مدیر قانونی شرکت باشند. ظهور این طیف از مدیران که به مدیران سایه موسوم هستند و تبعات منفی ناشی از مداخله این طیف، در نهایت بسیاری از کشورها را به شناسایی این اشخاص و تحمیل مسئولیت سوق داد؛ حتی در برخی از قوانین صراحتاً مدیران سایه را به مثابه مدیر واقعی قلمداد کرده و آثار مرتبط با آن را بر چنین مدیرانی پیش‌بینی کرده‌اند (قانون شرکت های انگلستان اصلاحی 2015). این پژوهش در نظر دارد با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با نگاه تطبیقی ضمن معرفی ارکان لازم در شناسایی مدیران سایه، مبانی مسئولیت این اشخاص را به محک ارزیابی بگذارد. به اجمال می‌توان گفت دو معیار «تعهد» و «اقتدار و اختیار» مبانی حقوقی تحمیل تکالیف مبتنی بر امانت بر مدیران سایه هستند؛ و این تاسیس حقوقی با نهاد نمایندگی ظاهری در حقوق ایران قرابت دارد که در آن ضمن تکلیف مدیران سایه به رعایت امانت، شرکت نیز ممکن است در صورت ایجاد ظاهر و بستر برای فعالیت‌ مدیر سایه و سکوت در قبال اقدامات وی، در برابر اشخاص ثالث مسئول شناخته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Review of Identification Criteria and Fundamentals of Responsibility of Shadow Directors in the Law of England, Canada and Australia and its Feasibility in Iranian law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Asghar Zirak barougi 1
  • Mortaza Hajipour 2
  • Ahmad Javadzadeh 3
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, School of Theology and Islamic Studies, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
3 Master of Private Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Traditionally, in corporate law, we are faced with real managers who are in charge of managing the company by virtue of representing the company, and as a result, they have responsibilities and duties, which are known as fiduciary duties. With the development of companies in the international field today, people have emerged beyond the real managers who generally control the company by exerting influence on the real managers and with the aim of avoiding responsibility, without being the legal manager of the company. The emergence of this range of managers, who are known as shadow managers, and the negative consequences of the intervention of this range, eventually led many countries to identify these individuals and impose responsibility; Even in some laws, shadow directors have been explicitly considered as real directors and the related effects have been predicted on such directors (Corporate Law of England Amendment 2015). This research intends to evaluate the principles of responsibility of these persons with a descriptive and analytical method and with a comparative view, while introducing the necessary elements in identifying shadow managers. In short, it can be said that the two criteria of "commitment" and "authority" are the legal bases for imposing duties based on trust on shadow managers; And this legal establishment is related to the institution of apparent representation in Iranian law, in which, in addition to the obligation of shadow managers to comply with trust, the company may also be liable to third parties if it creates the appearance and basis for the activity of the shadow manager and remains silent regarding his actions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Shadow director
  • Fiduciary duties
  • commitment
  • Power and authority
  • Appearance agency

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پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 10، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 21
فروردین 1405
صفحه 157-183

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 15 آبان 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 28 اسفند 1403

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