تحولات نظام حقوقی ایالات‌متحده امریکا و ایران در زمینه سقط جنین

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد حقوق بشر، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

چکیده

این پژوهش با ارائه یک شمای کلی از مسیر تاریخی مسئله‌ی سقط‌جنین در ایالات‌متحده و ایران، بر آن است که تحلیل جامعی از تحولات نظام حقوقی ایران و ایالات‌متحده در زمینه سقط‌جنین ارائه کند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی شباهت‌های موجود میان رویکردهای حقوقی این دو کشور و بررسی تاثیر این رویکردها بر حقوق باروری است. روش مطالعه در این پژوهش به صورت کتابخانه‌ای و با استفاده از کتاب‌ها و مقالات معتبر است. در ایالات‌متحده، نگاه حقوقی به مسئله سقط‌جنین تحت تاثیر ارزش‌های مختلف اجتماعی، فرهنگی، مذهبی و سیاسی در طول زمان متغیر بوده است. در سال 1973، دادگاه عالی در یک رای تاریخی سقط‌جنین را مورد حمایت قانون اساسی قرار داد. اما این تصمیم در سال 2022 لغو شد و تنظیم سقط‌جنین به ایالت‌ها به صورت جداگانه تفویض شد. این تحولات باعث شده است که دسترسی به خدمات سقط‌جنین در بسیاری از ایالت‌ها محدود شود و زنان مجبور شوند برای دریافت این خدمات به ایالت‌های دیگر سفر کنند. به علاوه، این تغییرات قانونی واکنش‌های گسترده‌ای را به دنبال داشت. بسیاری از حامیان حقوق زنان، این تصمیم را نقض حقوق زنان و تهدیدی برای سلامت باروری آنها می‌دانند. از سوی دیگر، گروه‌های نزدیک به جریان محافظه‌کار از این تصمیم استقبال کردند و آن را گامی مهم در جهت حفاظت از زندگی جنین‌ها دانستند. در ایران نیز قوانین تنظیم‌کننده سقط‌جنین، بسته به سیاست‌های جمعیتی دستخوش تغییرات قابل توجهی شده است. در ایالات‌متحده، تنش میان حقوق فردی و ارزش‌های محافظه‌کارانه منجر به تحول رویکرد حقوقی این کشور به سمت ممنوعیت سقط‌جنین شده است. درحالی‌که در ایران، سیاست‌های افزایش جمعیت نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در تنظیم قوانین سقط-جنین ایفاء کرده‌اند. این شباهت‌ها نشان‌دهنده تاثیر عمیق ارزش‌های مذهبی و سیاست‌های جمعیت‌شناختی بر قوانین مرتبط با سقط‌جنین در دو کشور داشته است

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal Developments in the United States and Iran Regarding Abortion

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shaghayegh Milanlouei 1
  • Shima arabasadi 2
1 Master's degree in Human Rights, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]

This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the legal developments regarding abortion in Iran and the United States by presenting an overview of the historical path to the legalization of abortion in both countries. The main objective of this research is to identify the similarities between the legal approaches of these two countries and to examine the impacts of these approaches on reproductive rights. The study method in this research is library-based, utilizing books and reputable articles. In the United States, the legal perspective on abortion has varied over time, influenced by different social, cultural, religious, and political values. In 1973, the Supreme Court, in a historic ruling, supported abortion under the Constitution. However, this decision was overturned in 2022, delegating the regulation of abortion to individual states. These developments have led to restricted access to abortion services in many states, forcing women to travel to other states to receive these services. Additionally, these legal changes have sparked widespread reactions. Many women's rights advocates view this decision as a violation of women's rights and a threat to their reproductive health. On the other hand, conservative groups welcomed this decision, considering it an important step towards protecting the lives of fetuses. In Iran, the laws regulating abortion have undergone significant changes depending on population policies. In the United States, the tension between individual rights and conservative values has led to a shift in the legal approach toward banning abortion. In contrast, in Iran, population growth policies have played a decisive role in regulating abortion laws. These similarities highlight the profound impact of religious values and demographic policies on abortion-related laws in both countries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • abortion
  • reproductive rights
  • comparative study
  • Therapeutic Abortion
  • Family Protection and Youth Population Law
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