مطالعه ی تطبیقی دعوای منافع عمومی در حقوق هند و ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه شمال، آمل، ایران.

چکیده

منافع عمومی یکی از مفاهیم پیچیده و مبهم در علوم اجتماعی است. در یک تعریف کلی و ساده، این مفهوم اموری را دربرمی‌گیرد که برای عموم مردم سودمند و مطلوب است. برای صیانت از منافع عمومی دولت نیاز به مشارکت همه‌ی شهروندان دارد. از سویی، شهروندان نیز با طرح دعوای سنتی خصوصی قادر به این انجام این مهم نیستند. از این روست که امروزه، در بسیاری کشورها به اشخاص حقیقی یا حقوقی خصوصی، حق اقامه‌ی دعوای مستقل در راستای منافع عمومی به‌ویژه در موضوعات مربوط به حقوق بنیادین شهروندان داده شده ‌است، حتی اگر نفع مستقیمی در آن نداشته باشند. این پژوهش با رویکرد بررسی تطبیقی و با روش تحلیلی‌-توصیفی پس از بحث درخصوص ماهیت و ویژگی‌های دعوای منافع عمومی، نخست به بررسی تجربه‌ی اقامه‌ی این دعوا در هندوستان پرداخته و آنگاه به دنبال یافتن این پرسش است که آیا در حقوق ایران امکان طرح چنین دعوایی وجود دارد یا خیر. در حقوق هندوستان، در مسایل گوناگون مربوط به منافع عمومی جامعه، خاصه مسایلی که شاکی خصوصی به خاطر فقر یا بی‌سوادی امکان اقامه‌ی دعوا ندارد، به افراد یا گروه‌های مختلف جامعه، صلاحیت طرح دعوای منافع عمومی اعطا شده است. در این کشور هر شخصی که «نفع کافی «-صرف‌نظر از نفع مستقیم و خصوصی- داشته باشد، می‌تواند برای اقامه‌ی دعوا در دیوان عالی یا در دادگاه‌های عالی ایالتی اقدام کند مشروط بر این ‌که به دور از انگیزه‌‌های سیاسی و نادرست باشد. در حقوق ایران صراحتاً نامی از دعوای منافع عمومی برده نشده، اگرچه در خلال بعضی از قوانین و مقررات می‌توان برخی تمهیدات -عموماً ناکافی و کم‌تأثیر- را در راستای حفاظت از منافع عمومی یا احیای حقوق عامه مشاهده کرد. بنابراین، بایسته است حقوق ایران با بهره‌گیری از تجارب دیگر کشورها خاصه هندوستان امکان اقامه‌ی چنین دعوایی را فراهم کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of Public Interest Litigation in Indian and Iranian Laws

نویسنده [English]

  • Davood Ghasemi
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shomal University, Amol, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Public interest is one of the complicated concepts in social sciences. This cocept, in a general and simple definition, includes things that are beneficial and desirable for the public. To protect public interests, the government needs the participation of all citizens. But the citizens are not able to do this important task through traditional litigation. This is why today, in many countries, natural persons or private legal entities have been given the right to file an independent lawsuit in line with public interests, especially in matters related to the fundamental rights of citizens, even if they do not have a direct interest in it. This research, with the approach of comparative analysis and analytical-descriptive method, after discussing about the nature and characteristics of public interest litigation, first examines the experience of filing this lawsuit in India and then seeks to find the question whether it is possible to file such a lawsuit in Iranian law or not. In Indian law, in various issues related to the public interests of the society, specially the issues where the private plaintiff is not able to file a lawsuit due to poverty or iliteracy, variuos individuals or groups can approach the court for relief. In this country, any person who has “sufficient interet” -regarless of direct and personal interest- can file a lawsuit in the Indian Suprem Court or in the state High Courts, provided that he or she does not have political and incorrect motives. In Iranian law, there is no mention of public interest litigation, although in some laws and regulations, some measures - generally insufficient and less effective - can be observed in order to protect public interests or restore public rights. Therefore, Iranian law should make it possible to file such a lawsuit by taking advantage of the experiences ofothercountries,especiallyIndia.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Litigation
  • Public Interest
  • Fundamental rights
  • Sufficient Interest
  • Public Rights
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دوره 9، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 18
در حال ویراستاری و صفحه آرایی
تیر 1404
  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 آبان 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 12 آذر 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 14 دی 1403