نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
2 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Banking contracts, as an example of the most widely used additional standard contracts, are concluded between the credit institution (in the general sense) as the strong party to the contract and the consumer.The adhesion nature of the contract along with the complexity of its provisions and the superior position of the credit institution provide grounds for the abuse of the strong party of the contract. However it is not always the case that the consumer is abused; Information asymmetry sometimes has the opposite result and leads to moral risks on the part of the consumer. After passing through the financial crisis of 2007-2008 the term "abusive" seriously entered the legal-financial literature of the United States of America due to the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The inadequacy of the regulations in preventing the occurrence of the crisis, as well as the inability to deal with the financial crisis, led to a review of the existing mechanisms for managing the financial markets, especially in credit contracts and the granting of facilities under review. In addition to establishing the Office of Financial Protection of Consumers, the aforementioned Act gave this office the authority to determine and prosecute abusive financial acts and practices. In the present article, in a descriptive-analytical method, after studying the background and origin of abusethe concept and sanction of the implementation of this prohibition inthe legal system ofthe United States of America are discussed.. In the following, the existing mechanisms and examples in Iran's laws are evaluated in accordance with the aforementioned legal system. Finally, the expansion and development of the existing mechanisms in the domestic law system in order to deal with the abuse of the strong party of the contract,inaddition to referringto general rules and starting the movement towards newapproaches in consumer protection can beinferred.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Abhari, H., Fallah Khariki,M. (2020).Unfair Terms in Electronic Commercial contracts in Iranian law and Europe, Comparative Law Quarterly. 4(5),pp.9-34. [In Persian]
Adel,M., Shams-Allahi,M.(2018).Unfair terms in consumer contracts,Private Law Research,7(25),pp. 205-234. [In Persian]
Ansari, A.(2011).Abuse of emergency with an approach to Imam Khomeini's jurisprudential thought. Matin Research Journal,13(55),pp.26-50.[In Persian]
Abdipour,I.(2009).Abusing the dominant economic situation.Islamic Law,6(21),pp.125-155.[In Persian]
Bagheri,M., Rahmani,S.(2017).Protection of consumer rights in the banking system.Tehran:Research School of Money and Banking.[In Persian]
Bagheri, M., Rahmani, S.(2020).Protection of consumer rights in the country's banking system with a focus on credit contracts. Legal Research Quarterly,23(92), pp.43-70.[In Persian]
Baily, N.M, Litan, R.E and S. Johnson, M.(2008). The Origins of the Financial Crisis, Business and Public Policy, November 2008. PP.1-48.
Barikloo,A.(2003).guarantee of legal enforcement of abuse of the emergency situation of the contracting party.Legal Thoughts.1(4), pp. 25-45.[In Persian]
Canzona,S.J.(2018).“I’ll Know It When I See It”:Defending the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s Approach of Interpreting the Scope of Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices (“UDAPP”) Through Enforcement Actions. Journal of legislation,45(3),pp.60-80.
Carey,A.(2014) Abusive:Dodd-Frank Section 1031 and the Continuing Struggle to Protect Consumers. St. John's Legal Studies Research,Vol 85,pp.1104-1146.
Chopra, R.(2021 October 19).CONSUMER FIN. PROT. BUREAU,Statement of the CFPB on the JPay Enforcement Action. https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/statement-of-cfpb-director-rohit-chopra-on-the-jpay-enforcement-action/
Chopra,R.(2024). Enforcing the Post-Financial Crisis Ban on Abusive Conduct. U.C. Irvine L. Rev 14 (2),pp.625-653.
Corrigan, P.(2015). 'Abusive' Acts and Practices: Dodd-Frank's Behaviorally Informed Authority Over Consumer Credit Markets and its Application to Teaser Rates. New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy,18, pp.125-183.
Demyanyk, Y.,Van Hemert,O.(2009).Understanding the Subprime Mortgage Crisis,Oxford University Press.
https://fcic-static.law.stanford.edu/cdn_media/fcic-docs/2009-05 04%20Demyanyk%20Understanding%20the%20Subprime%20Mortgage%20Crisis.pdf
Elsan, M.(2013).Laws of Central Bank. Tehran:Research School of Money and Banking.[In Persian]
Elsan,M.(2020). Electronic Commerce Law.Tehran: Samat.[In Persian].
Elsan,M. Mazloomi,S., Fathi, M.(2022).Abuse of rights in banking contracts. Private Law.19(40),pp.1-24.[In Persian]
/Equity stripping,legalmatch.com, https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/equity-stripping-lawsuits.html
Farzin-vash, A.,Barkhordari,S. (2010).global experiences of dealing with the financial crisis and lessons for Iran's economy,8(127),pp.116-141.[In Persian].
FDIC.(2022).Unfair, Deceptive and Abusive Practices-Federal Trade Commission Act/Dodd-Frank Act.
Fred.(2024,June25). Federal Funds Effective Rate. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDFUNDS
FTC Policy Statement on Unfairness.(1980).https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-unfairness
FTC Policy Statement on Deception.(1983). https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/ftc-policy-statement-deception
Ghaffari-Farsani,B.(2019).Competition Laws and Civil Enforcement Guarantees,Legal Foundation: Mizan.[In Persian]
Hosseini-Sadrabadi, I., Jamali. M.(1400).consumer rights in the banking system.Tehran:Mizan.[In Persian]
Jaafari,A.(2020). Banking Laws, first volume.Tehran: Sahami Enteshar.[In Persian]
Jafari-Langroudi, M.J(1999). Expanded on Legal Terminology. third volum.Tehran: Ganje Danesh. [In Persian]
Karimi, A., Koshki, M.(2021).Imposed conditions in the contracts concluded between the owners of letters. Research Journal of Commerce.100, pp.229-256.[In Persian]
Karimi, A., Shabani Kandsari, H.(2014).The logical relationship between the jurisprudential rule of La-Zarar and the logical rule of abuse of rights. Comparative Research Quarterly of Islamic and Western Laws,1(2),pp.135-166.[In Persian]
Katouzian, N.(2018).General Rules of Contracts. Volume One.Tehran:Sahami Enteshar.[In Persian]
Kazempour, S.J. (2013).Ways to support the weak side of the contract.Tehran:Fekrsazan.[In Persian]
Lucas, L.A, Marec, A.D, Morton, J.C.(2016).“Abusive” Acts or Practices Under the CFPA’s UDAAP Prohibition. The Business Lawyer; Vol.71, pp.749-757.
Makridis, C., Ohlrogge, M.(2022).Moving to Opportunity?The Geography of the Foreclosure Crisis and the Importance of Location. Journal of Economic Geography,22(1), pp.159–180.
Mayerbrown(2023, May 02).CFPB’S POLICY STATEMENT ON ABUSIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES – SOME OBSERVATIONS. https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/insights/publications/2023/05/cfpbs-policy-statement-on-abusive-acts-or-practices-some-observations.
Movahed., M.A.(1401).The Right and its Abuse.Tehran:Karnameh Publishing House.[In Persian]
Nafcu.(2022).Unfair,Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices(UDAAP),Issue Brief.
O'Brien,ch.(2018). The CFPB’s Endaround, Cath. U. L. Rev. 67 (9),pp.365-387.
Policy Statement(2023 April 03).On Abusive Acts and practices.CFPB. https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/supervisory-guidance/policy-statement-on-abusiveness/
Shahidi, M.(2001).Violation of Right, Legal Research,33 and 34,pp.31-62.
Rahbari, E., Hasani Sangani,V.(2019).Cmopetition in the realm of Intellectual ownerships,vol II, Tehran: Samt.[In Persian]
Taqipourdarzi Naqibi,M.H., Muslimzadeh, F., Taleghan Ghafari, M(2023).protective rules in the consumer protection law in a comparative view with the civil law. Civil Law Knowledge,12(1),p.p 19-34.[In Persian]
Tiffany, S.L.(2011). No More Abuse:The Dodd-Frank and Consumer Financial Protection Act’s Abusive Standard. Journal Consumer & Commercial Law,14,pp.118-133.
The Financial Crisis inquiry report.(2011).Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. Featured Commission Publications.
UDAAP CFPB Manual.(2012).Unfair,Deceptive,or Abusive Acts or Practices,Unfair,Deceptive,or Abusive Acts or Practices.
Whalen,R.C.(2008). The Subprime Crisis: Cause, Effect and Consequences Indiana State University, Scott College of Business, Networks Financial Institute NFI Policy Briefs 2008-PB-04.
)