بررسی اهلیت توان‌خواهان در پرتو کنوانسیون حقوق معلولان و حقوق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

2 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

وضعیت حقوقی اهلیت برخی از انواع معلولان، به ویژه افراد با اختلال‌های ذهنی و روانی به علت ضغف و نقص در اهلیت روانی، همواره محل بحث در نظام‌های حقوقی بوده است. از منظر کنوانسیون حقوق معلولان و نظریه تفسیری کارگروه، توان‌خواهان، صرف‌نظر از نوع و شدت اختلال‌ها دارای اهلیت استیفا می‌باشند و معلولیت نمی‌تواند مبنای قانونی برای محدودسازی اهلیت استیفای فرد و جواز دخالت دیگری در تصمیم‌گیری‌های مربوط به توان‌خواه بدون توجه به اراده و رجحان او باشد. مبنای این نظر حقوق بشری تفکیک میان دو مفهوم اهلیت قانونی و اهلیت روانی است. نظریه تفسیری کارگروه حقوق معلولان ضمن دفاع از لغو کلیه اشکال قیمومت، معیار رجحان و اراده را مطرح کرده است. با ابتنا بر اصولی چون خودمختاری، استقلال فردی و مشارکت فعال، در تصمیم‌گیری‌های مربوط به فرد معلول بایستی ابتدا «اراده و رجحان» و در صورت عدم دسترسی به آن، «بهترین تفسیر از اراده و رجحان» و در آخرین گام «غبطه شخصی» اساس قرار گیرد. نوشتار حاضر با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای از جمله، ضمن تبیین رویکرد کنوانسیون و توسعه ادبیات آن، به بررسی موضوع در حقوق داخلی پرداخته است. نوشتار حاضر برخلاف نظر تفسیری، ضمن دفاع از محجور تلقی کردن برخی توان‌خواهان معتقد است، با توجه به اصول کنوانسیون، در حقوق ایران آن دسته از توان‌خواهانی که توانایی تصمیم‌گیری آنها تضعیف یافته است یا وضعیت ذهنی و روانی آنها دچار نقصان است اما این نقصان به حجر نمی‌رسد، بایستی دارای اهلیت فرض شده و ذیل عنوان عاجز تحلیل شود. در خصوص قیمومت، با عنایت بر کارکردهای آن، مقاله حاضر پیشنهادهایی جهت اصلاح قوانین ارائه داده است. در حقوق ایران، معیارهای شناسایی شده در کنوانسیون، در سطح بخشنامه قضایی در حوزه دادرسی انعکاس یافته است که اقدامی درخور توجه و در عین حال نیازمند توسعه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Examining the Capacity of disabled persons in the light of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Iranian Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Artin Jahanshahi 1
  • Mahboubeh Mina 2
1 PhD student in Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Private and Islamic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]

The legal status of persons with disabilities, particularly those with mental and psychological disorders resulting in weakened mental capacity, has long been a topic of discussion within legal systems.According to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the general comment of the Committee individuals with disabilities have the right to legal standing, regardless of the severity or type of their impairments.Disability cannot serve as a legal basis for restricting an individual's rights or allowing interference in decisions related to them without their expressed will and preferences being acknowledged. In this human rights oriented opinion, the differentiation between legal capacity and mental capacity serves as the foundation.While defending the abolition of all forms of guardianship, the comment of the Committee has proposed the criterion of will.When making decisions related to a disabled individual, it is crucial to consider principles such as autonomy, individual independence, and active participation.In doing so, the first step should be to take into account "will and preference." If not available, the next step is to determine the best interpretation of their will and preference.Finally, decisions should be based on what would bring personal fulfillment to the individual. Contrary to the general comment, while defending the exclusion of some of them from legal agency, this article believes that, according to the principles of the Convention, in Iranian law those whose ability to make decisions is weakened or their mental condition is impaired, but this does not reach the incapacity, should be analyzed under the title of incapable.Taking into account its functions, this article has made suggestions to amend guardianship.In Iranian law, the criteria identified in the convention have been reflected at the level of the judicial directive in the judicial field, which is a measure worthy of attention and at the same time requires development.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • legal Capacity
  • mental capacity
  • will
  • preference
  • autonomy incapable
  • disabled
 
Asadinejad S. M & Tavakoli Rad F. (2021). Status of Financial Contracts of People With Bipolar Disorder from a Civil Rights Perspective. Iran J Forensic Med, 27 (3) :155-164
 
Bantekas, I., Ashley, M., & Anastasiou, D. (2018). The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, a commentary. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198810667.001.0001
URL: http://sjfm.ir/article-1-1260-fa.html
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.28.5.332-a
Bianquin, N., & Bulgarelli, D. (2017). Conceptual Review of Disabilities. In Besio, S., Bulgarelli, D., Popkostadinova, V. (Eds.), Play development in children with disabilities (pp. 71-88). de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110522143
Browning, M., Bigby, C., & Douglas, J. (2020). A process of decision-making support: Exploring supported decision-making practice in Canada. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 1–12.
Garner, Bryan. A. (2005). Black’s Law Dictionary. Tehran: Mizan
                CRPD/C/IRN/CO/1
de Bhailís, C., & Flynn, E. (2017). Recognising legal capacity: commentary and analysis of Article 12 CRPD. International Journal of Law in Context, 13(1), 6–21.
Degener, T. (2017). A human rights model of disability. In Blanck, P. D., Flynn, E. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of disability law and human rights. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315612881
Della Fina V., Cera. R., & Palmisano, G. (Eds.). (2017). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43790-3
Dhanda, A. (2012). Universal Legal Capacity as a Universal Human Right. in Dudley, M., Silove, D., Gale, F. (Eds.), Mental Health and Human Rights: Vision, praxis, and courage. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199213962.003.0011
Dinerstein, R. (2012). Implementing Legal Capacity Under Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: The Difficult Road From Guardianship to Supported Decision-Making. Human Rights Brief. 19(2), 8-12.
Glen, K. B. (2015). Supported Decision-Making and the Human Right of Legal Capacity. Inclusion, 3(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-3.1.2
Gooding, P., & Flynn, E. (2015). Querying the Call to Introduce Mental Capacity Testing to Mental Health Law: Does the Doctrine of Necessity Provide an Alternative? Laws, 4(2), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws4020245
Hashemi Shahroudi, M. (2003). The culture of jurisprudence according to the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt. Institute of Islamic jurisprudence encyclopedia on the religion of Ahl al-Bayt, Qom, Iran{In Arabic}.
Ibn Manzoor, M. (1414AH). Lasan al-Arab. Dar Sadir {In Arabic}.
Jafari Langroudi, M.J. (1971). Civil rights, wills. Ibn Sina publication{In Persian}.
Jalalian, A. (2021). Research from the Perspective of Ethical Norms on Guarantees for the Protection of Persons with Disabilities in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Law of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Medical Ethics, 15(46), 1–14{In Persian}.
Jameson, J. M., Riesen, T., Polychronis, S., Trader, B., Mizner, S., Martinis, J., & Hoyle, D. (2015). Guardianship and the Potential of Supported Decision Making With Individuals With Disabilities. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 40(1), 36–51.
Khomeini, R. (2014). Tahrir al-Wasila. Darul Alam Institute {In Arabic}.
Kohn, A., and Blumenthal, J., & Campbell, A. (2013). Supported Decision-Making: A Viable Alternative to Guardianship?. Penn State Law Review, 117(4). P. 1113-1157.
Kohn, Nina A. (2021). Legislating Supported Decision-Making. Harvard Journal on Legislation. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3768684
Lawson, A., & Beckett, A. E. (2020). The social and human rights models of disability: towards a complementarity thesis. The International Journal of Human Rights, 25(2), 1–32. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2020.1783533
Mirfin-Veitch, B. (2016). Exploring Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: An Integrative Literature Review. Donald Beasley Institute
Mirkhalili A, Jafari Khosroabadi N., & Zare, Z. (2019). Legal Protection of Mentally Retarded People from Perspective of Medical Law and Iranian Judiciary Procedure. MLJ; 13 (50) :85-107{In Persian}.
OHCHR. (2009). Thematic Study by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Enhancing Awareness and Understanding of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’ Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/10/48 26.
Parvaneh, Z., Jalilian, Z., & Rostami, M. (2017).  Comparison of the culture of judicial legal protection of the disabled in Iran and international conventions. Behavioral Studies in Management, 8(16), 15-37{In Persian}.
Quinn, G., & Arstein-Kerslake, A. (2012). Restoring the “human” in “human rights”: personhood and doctrinal innovation in the UN disability convention. The Cambridge Companion to Human Rights Law, 36–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/cco9781139060875.005
Rimmerman, A. (2017). Disability and Community Living Policies; The Paradigm Shift of Articles 12 and 19 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316493045.004
Safaei, S.H & Ghasemzadeh, S.M (2022). Civil law persons and persons under legal incapacity. Samt. {In Persian}.
 
Safari, N., & Jahanshahi, A. (2022). Legal aspects of Termination or Continuation of Treatment of Vegetative State. Legal Research Quarterly, 25(99), 317-339.
Shogren, K., Wehmeyer, M., Martinis, J., & Blanck, P. (2018). Building Systems of Supports for Supported Decision-Making. In Supported Decision-Making: Theory, Research, and Practice to Enhance Self-Determination and Quality of Life. Cambridge University Press.
Skowron, P. (2019). Giving substance to “the best interpretation of will and preferences.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 62, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.12.001
Szmukler, G. (2019). “Capacity”, “best interests”, “will and preferences” and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. World Psychiatry, 18(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20584
United Nations. (n.d). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Status. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?chapter=4&clang=_en&mtdsg_no=IV-15&src=IND#12
 
Katouzian, A.M,. (1987). General Principles of Contracts, Vol 2. Tehran: Mizan
 
Naraqi, A.(1996). Awa'id al-ayyam. Vol 2. Tehran: Boostan {In Arabic}
 
Ibn Makki , M (2002). al-Lum'ah al-Dimashqiyah. Tehran: Darolfekr
Esmaeili, M. (2019). Expediency, Its concept, foundations and rulings in Iranian law and Fiqh. Dissertation for Master Degree.Supervised by Mohaqeq Damad, M. University of Imam Sadiq
دوره 9، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 17
در حال صفحه آرایی و بارگزاری فایل های PDF
فروردین 1404
  • تاریخ دریافت: 10 مرداد 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 01 دی 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 26 خرداد 1403