ارث اقاله (مطالعه تطبیقی در فقه امامیه، حقوق ایران و فقه اهل سنت)

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق، مجتمع آموزش عالی نهاوند، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

2 استاد گروه حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

چکیده

اقاله به معنای برهم زدن معامله با توافق طرفین است (تفاسخ). قانون مدنی ایران در خصوص مسئله به ارث رسیدن اقاله حکم صریحی ندارد. در بین نویسندگان نیز، این موضوع یا مطرح نشده و یا طرح آن همراه با اختلاف و تردید بوده است. فقها و حقوقدانانی که این موضوع را مورد بررسی قرار داده‌اند به دو گروه تقسیم می‌شوند: گروهی اقاله را قابل انتقال به بازماندگان می‌دانند و گروه دیگر، این اجازه را به ورثه نمی‌دهند که قرارداد مورث خویش را اقاله نمایند. دسته نخست معتقدند اقاله در زمره حقوق است و همچون سایر اموال و حقوق مورث، به وارث او انتقال می‌یابد. در حالی که گروه دوم اقاله را در زمره احکام آورده و انتقال آن به ورثه را جایز نمی‌دانند. اتخاذ این موضع در فقه امامیه و تبعاً نزد برخی حقوقدانان ایرانی، تنها راه حل مسأله نبوده و در فقه اهل سنت این مبنا مطرح شده است که «اموال» متوفی به ورثه می رسد، لیکن اراده و خواست او قابل انتقال به وراث نیست. اقاله از آن جهت که وابسته به اراده و خواست مورث است قابلیت توارث ندارد. پژوهش حاضر با شیوه توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام گرفته و بررسی نظرات و ادله ارائه شده و ارزیابی آنها نشان می‌دهد که اقاله به لحاظ ساختار و ماهیت دارای جنبه حکمی نبوده و قابل انتقال به وارث است. در مورد مقررات حاکم بر روابط قراردادی، اصل این است که اشخاص می‌توانند برخلاف آن‌ها تراضی کنند و آثار و پیامدهای ناشی از چنین مقرراتی را جزئاً یا کلاً نادیده بگیرند. بر مبنای وجود چنین اصلی، مصادیق مردد میان حق و حکم را می‌توان به حقوق ملحق نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Inheritance of Dissolution (A comparative study in Imamiyyah jurisprudence, Iranian law and Sunni jurisprudence)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Hamze Howeyda 1
  • Bizhan Haji Azizi 2
  • Mohammad Moloudi 3
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Nahavand Higher Education Complex, Bu- Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
2 Professor of Law Department, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Iran's civil Code does not have an explicit ruling regarding the issue of inheritance of dissolution. Among the authors, this issue has either not been raised or its proposal has been accompanied by controversy and doubt. The jurists who have examined this issue are divided into two groups: one group considers the contract transferable to the heirs, and the other group does not allow the heirs to cancel the contract of their heirs. The first group believes that dissolution is one of the rights and like other properties and rights of an heir, it is transferred to his/her heir while the second group includes dissolution among the rulings and do not consider it permissible to transfer it to the heirs. The present research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and the review of the opinions and evidences presented and their evaluation shows that the dissolution does not have a judicial aspect in terms of its structure and nature and can be transferred to the heir. Regarding the regulations governing contractual relationships, especially those relationships that are in the realm of private law, the principle is that individuals can agree against them and ignore the effects and consequences of such regulations partially or completely. On the basis of the existence of such a principle, the ambiguous cases between the right and the verdict can be added to the rights. In addition, the principle of transferability of contract effects to heirs can confirm and reinforce the above result.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dissolution
  • Right
  • Award
  • Inheritance
  • right-power

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پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 9، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 17
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  • تاریخ دریافت: 16 دی 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 19 اسفند 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 03 اردیبهشت 1403

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