تأثیر منتفی شدن جهت قرارداد بر بقای قراردادهای مستمر در حقوق ایران و فرانسه

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

4 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

هدف از انعقاد قرارداد را جهت می‌نامند که می‌تواند مشروع یا نامشروع باشد. در مورد جهت نامشروع و تاثیر آن بر قرارداد، قانونگذار ایران موضع‌گیری نموده و در مقابل سرکشی از رعایت قواعد اخلاقی، ضمانت اجرای بطلان مطلق را برگزیده ‌است. اما سؤال این‌که در موردی که قراردادی مستمر در هنگام انعقاد دارای جهتی مشروع است و در هنگامه‌ی اجرا، بروز مسائلی نیل به هدف قراردادی را عقیم می‌سازد وضعیت چگونه است؟ جستار حاضر با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و نیز تطبیقی به این نتیجه دست یافته است که تا پیش از اصلاحات 2016 قانون مدنی فرانسه، جهت در شمار عناصر اساسی عقد بود و از بین رفتن آن، زوال یکی از شروط اعتبار قرارداد و برهم‌خوردن موازنه‌ی قراردادی را در پی داشت. به‌رغم حذف مفهوم جهت از قانون مدنی فرانسه هنوز هم بسیاری حقوقدانان با اتکاء به بخش اول ماده 1186 قانون مدنی 2016 فرانسه قائل به انفساخ قرارداد در چنین وضعیتی هستند. در حقوق ایران نیز با وجود اختلاف‌نظر پیرامون تأثیر انتفای جهت مشروع طرفین بر بقای قرارداد، از بین رفتن جهت مشروع و یا هدف قرارداد که وضعیّت نابسامانی برای یکی از طرفین به‌وجود می‌آورد می‌تواند سبب انفساخ عقد شود، هرچند برخی حقوقدانان قائل به حق فسخ قرارداد برای چنین وضعیتی هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Frustration of the Cause of Contract on the Survival of Successive Contracts in Iranian and French Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Aliakbar Fouladin 1
  • Sayyed Mohammad Mahdi Qabuli Dorafshan 2
  • Saeed Mohseni 3
  • Azam Ansari 4
1 PhD student in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor. Department of Private Law. Faculty of Law and Political Science. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mashhadd, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In contract law, the purpose of concluding a contract is called cause, which may be legitimate or illegitimate. Regarding the specified illegal cause and its effect on the contract, Iran's legislator has clearly laid down the rule and disobeying the moral rules has faced the absolute nullity. But the question is that in a case where a successive contract has a legitimate cause at the time of its conclusion, and issues arise during the execution that prevent the achievement of the contractual goals, what will happen? The article with a descriptive and analytical method and with a comparative approach shows that before the 2016 reforms of the French Civil Code, cause was one of the basic elements of a contract and its loss would lead to the deterioration of one of the terms of the validity of the contract and the disruption of the contractual balance to the detriment of one of the parties. The dominant doctrine and jurisprudence in France considered the legal status of (caducité) of the contract to exit from the difficulty, and despite the removal of the concept of cause from the French Civil Code, many lawyers still rely on the first part of Art 1186 of the French Civil Code approved in 2016 on the same opinions remain. Although there is a serious disagreement regarding the effect of the termination of the legitimate cause of the parties on the survival of the contract in Iranian law, the essay shows that in Iranian law, the legitimate cause or purpose of the contract that induce a difficult situation for one of the parties can cause the termination of the contract, although some scholars prefer the option to terminate the contract for such a situation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Motivation
  • Cause of Contract
  • Successive Contract
  • Termination
  • Rescission

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 20 دی 1402
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