از تمایز میان دوست و دشمن تا تجلی ارادۀ انضمامی: حاکمیتِ اشمیتی در دیالکتیک امر سیاسی و امر حقوقی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

بخش معتنابهی از گفتمان حقوقی و سیاسی بر نادیده­انگاشتن سویۀ سیاسی حاکمیت استوار است؛ ولی اشمیت به ما می­آموزد گوهر حاکمیت نه کاربست اقتدار از گذرگاه هنجارهای حقوقی، بلکه در امکان کنار نهادن این­ هنجارها به هنگام رخداد استثناء، از سوی حاکم است. این آموزۀ اشمیتی البته باید در پرتو برداشت وی از قدرت مؤسِّس فهمیده شود. ارادۀ انضمامی قدرت مذکور است که با نمایندگی حاکم، کل ساختار حقوق اساسی و قانون اساسی مکتوب را تابع تصمیم خود می­سازد. حقوق اساسی هیچ مرجعی جز این اراده ندارند. معنای مشروطیت نه در وجود هنجارهایی بر فراز این اراده، بلکه در واقعیت انضمامی آن نهفته است. تصمیم­گیری حاکم در شرایط استثناء را که بنیان انگارۀ اشمیتی حاکمیت است، جز از این طریق نمی­توان دریافت که کانون حاکمیت بر مفهوم نمایندگی قدرت مؤسِّس استوار است و حاکم، اقتدار حاکمیتی را به نمایندگی از این قدرت به­کار می­بندد. درک درست از نظام حقوق اساسی باید در پرتو چنین برداشتی از حاکمیت و تأکید بر جنبۀ سیاسی آن حاصل شود؛ بر مبنای این توضیحات، مقاله حاضر می­کوشد با برگرفتن روش توصیفی و تحلیلی با واکاوی حاکمیت از نظرگاه اشمیت این مهم را یادآور شود که طرح ادعاهای مبتنی بر مهار حاکمیت از طریق هنجارهای مکتوب بدون توجه به سویۀ سیاسی حاکمیت، پیامدی جز سوءبرداشت از حاکمیت و ساختار حقوق اساسی ندارد. بنابراین هدف نوشتۀ پیش­رو تأکید بر این مدعاست که تحلیل حاکمیت از دریچۀ انگارۀ اشمیت، برای فرار از این آشفتگی در ساختار اندیشگی سیاسی و حقوقی، ضروری به ­نظر می­رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

From the Distinction between Friend and Enemy to the Manifestation of Concrete Will: Schmitt's Sovereignty in the Dialectic of the Political and the Legal

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Moradi Berelian 1
  • Mohammad Tangestani 2
1 Assistant Prof, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of International Law., Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Ignoring the political aspect of sovereignty forms a significant part of the legal and political discourse. But, Schmitt teaches us that the ruler's ability to set aside legal norms when an exception occurs, rather than using authority through these norms, constitutes the essence of sovereignty. We should understand this Schmittian doctrine in the context of his understanding of the Constituent power. The power's concrete will and the ruler's representation decide the constitutional law and written constitution. The meaning of constitutionalism lies in its concrete reality, not in norms above this will. Constitutional norms have no authority other than this will. To understand the ruler's decision-making in exceptional circumstances, we must view it through Schmitt's idea of sovereignty. The center of sovereignty is based on a representative of the constituent power. The ruler acts as a representative of this power using sovereign authority. To achieve a correct understanding of the system of constitutional law, one must consider sovereignty and emphasize its political aspect; this article analyzes sovereignty from Schmitt's perspective and emphasizes that claiming to limit sovereignty through written norms leads to misunderstandings of sovereignty and constitutional law. This article shows that analyzing sovereignty through Schmitt's concept is important. It helps us understand political and legal thought better and avoid confusion.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Modern State
  • Constituent Power
  • Constitution
  • Constitutional law
  • Political Will
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