مطالعه تطبیقی ساختار مدیریت زندانها و بازگشت به جرم در نظام‌های کیفری ایران، آمریکا و نروژ

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه فقه و حقوق اسلامی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران

2 کارشناس ارشد حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

هدف از زندان،‌ صرفا ایجاد فاصله بین مجرم و جامعه نیست،‌ زیرا دیر یا زود مجرمین به جامعه بازخواهند گشت، بلکه خط مشی و سیاستگذاری مناسب در استفاده از فرصتی است که زندان در اختیار متولیان قرارداده تا در جهت تغییر دیدگاه زندانیان نسبت به عمل مجرمانه تلاش نمایند. بنابراین، در مرحله اجرا مدیریت زندان می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در دستیابی به این هدف ایفا نماید. با توجه به نتایج متفاوت ناشی از باز-بزهکاری در نظام‌های کیفری ایران،‌ آمریکا و نروژ که ارتباط مستقیمی با نظام مدیریتی بر زندان‌ها دارد، لذا با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی، به بحث و مقایسه تطبیقی به فرایند مدیریت در این حوزه پرداخته شده است. در نظام کیفری ایران تا قبل از تصویب آئین نامه اجرای زندان مصوب 1400 قوه قضائیه، به دلیل عدم برنامه‌ریزی تخصصی، عدم استفاده صحیح از پتانسیل آموزش‌های دینی، استفاده از برخی بسته‌های مدیریت زندانها، ‌و عوامل دیگر، به‌یک فرایند ناقص تبدیل گردیده بود. اما آیین نامه مذکور، با دیدگاهی تحول‌گرا به موضوع مدیریت زندان نگریسته است، که در صورت اجرای کامل مفاد آن می‌توان به ایجاد تحولی موثر در مدیریت زندان در ایران امیدوار بود.  نظام کیفری آمریکا با رویکرد به سیاست سختگیرانه، از نیروی کار زندانیان به عنوان برده‌های دولتی استفاده می‌نماید، که موفقیتی در کاهش نرخ باز-بزهکاری به همراه نداشته است. اما نروژ در یک برنامه‌ریزی منسجم، در راستای بازگشت مجدد مجرمان به آغوش جامعه،‌ و استفاده از مکانیسم‌های موثر در دوران محکومیت زندان، و حاکمیت نگرش رفتار اشتباه به عوض رفتار مجرمانه در فضای زندان، موجب شده ضمن کاهش نرخ پیش گفته، در سطح اول دنیا، به عنوان الگویی برجسته در مدیریت زندان در جهان معرفی گردد که می‌تواند الگویی مناسب برای ساختار مدیریت زندان در ایران، محسوب گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of the Management Structure of Prisons and Recidivism in the Penal Systems of Iran, the United States, and Norway

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad VahediZadeh 1
  • Marjan Etemad Ejazi 2
1 Assistant Professor of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Faculty of Humanities, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
2 Master of Criminal Law and Criminology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The purpose of prison extends beyond simply creating a separation between criminals and society; ultimately, criminals will reintegrate into the community. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective policies that harness the potential of prisons to transform prisoners' perspectives on criminal behavior. Consequently, effective prison management plays a crucial role in achieving this objective. The current research aims to investigate the structure of prison management and recidivism within the penal systems of Iran, the United States, and Norway using a descriptive analytical method. In the Iranian penal system, prior to the approval of the 1400 prison implementation regulations by the judiciary, the management of prisons had become an incomplete process due to a lack of specialized planning, inadequate utilization of the potential of religious education, and reliance on ineffective incentive packages. The aforementioned regulations approach prison management from a revolutionary perspective. If fully implemented, they could lead to significant improvements in prison management in Iran. In the meantime, the American penal system, characterized by its stringent policies, utilizes the labor of prisoners as a form of government-sanctioned servitude, which yields unsatisfactory outcomes. In contrast, Norway emphasizes the reintegration of offenders into society by implementing effective strategies during incarceration. This approach focuses on addressing maladaptive behaviors rather than criminal conduct within the prison environment, resulting in the lowest recidivism rates globally. Norway's model of prison management could serve as a valuable framework for reforming the penal system in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Prison management
  • recidivism
  • criminal population
  • American law
  • Norwegian law
 
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