مطالعه تطبیقی ساختار مدیریتی زندانها و تکرار جرم در نظام‌های کیفری ایران، آمریکا و نروژ

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه فقه و حقوق اسلامی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران

2 کارشناس ارشد حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

هدف از زندان،‌ صرفا ایجاد فاصله بین مجرم و جامعه نیست،‌ زیرا دیر یا زود مجرمین به جامعه بازخواهند گشت، بلکه خط مشی و سیاستگذاری مناسب در استفاده از پتانسیل‌های زندان در جهت تغییر دیدگاه زندانیان نسبت به عمل مجرمانه است. بنابراین مدیریت زندان می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در دستیابی به این هدف محسوب گردد. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی ساختار مدیریت زندان و تکرار جرم در نظام کیفری ایران،‌آمریکا و نروژ با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی، آن را مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. در نظام کیفری ایران تا قبل از تصویب آئین نامه اجرای زندان مصوب 1400 قوه قضائیه، به دلیل عدم برنامه‌ریزی تخصصی، عدم استفاده صحیح از پتانسیل آموزش‌های دینی و استفاده از برخی بسته‌های تشویقی ناکارآمد، مدیریت زندانها، ‌به‌یک فرایند ناقص تبدیل گردیده بود.اما آیین نامه مذکور، با دیدگاهی تحول‌گرا به موضوع مدیریت زندان نگریسته است. که در صورت اجرای کامل مفاد آن می‌توان به ایجاد تحولی موثر در مدیریت زندان در ایران امیدوار بود در این میان نظام کیفری آمریکا با رویکرد به سیاست سختگیرانه، از نیروی کار زندانیان به عنوان برده‌های دولتی استفاده می‌نماید، که خروجی مناسبی از‌ آن مشاهده نمی‌شود. در کشور نروژ، برنامه‌ریزی در راستای بازگشت مجدد مجرمان به آغوش جامعه،‌ و استفاده از مکانیسم‌های موثر در دوران محکومیت زندان، و حاکمیت نگرش رفتار اشتباه به عوض رفتار مجرمانه در فضای زندان، موجب شده ضمن کاهش نرخ تکرار جرم در سطح اول دنیا، به عنوان الگویی مناسب در مدیریت زندان در جهان معرفی گردد که می‌تواند الگویی مناسب برای ساختار مدیریت زندان در ایران محسوب گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A comparative study of the management structure of prisons and recidivism in the penal systems of Iran, America and Norway

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad VahediZadeh 1
  • Marjan Etemad Ejazi 2
1 Assistant Professor of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Faculty of Humanities, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
2 Master of Criminal Law and Criminology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The purpose of prison is not only to create a distance between the criminal and the society, because sooner or later the criminals will return to the society, but it is a proper policy and policy in using the potentials of the prison in order to change the perspective of the prisoners towards the criminal act. Therefore, prison management can play a significant role in achieving this goal. The current research aims to investigate the structure of prison management and recidivism in the penal system of Iran, America and Norway by using descriptive analytical method. In the Iranian penal system, until the approval of the 1400 prison implementation regulations approved by the judiciary, due to the lack of specialized planning, the lack of proper use of the potential of religious education, and the use of some ineffective incentive packages, the management of prisons had turned into an incomplete process. The mentioned letter has looked at the issue of prison management with a revolutionary point of view. If its provisions are fully implemented, we can hope for an effective change in prison management in Iran. In the meantime, the American penal system, with its strict policy approach, uses the labor force of prisoners as government slaves, which does not have a suitable outcome. In Norway, planning for the return of criminals to the embrace of society, and the use of effective mechanisms during prison sentences, and the rule of the attitude of wrong behavior instead of criminal behavior in the prison environment, has led to the reduction of the recidivism rate at the first level in the world. be introduced as a suitable model in prison management in the world, which can be considered a suitable model for the structure of prison management in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Prison management
  • recidivism
  • criminal population
  • American law
  • Norwegian law
 
Alexander, M. (2020). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness: The New Press.
Ali Akbari, M. (2022). Ways to eliminate the effect of prison in recidivism. Qonun Yar Quarterly, 6(21). 517-542.[In Persian].
Ashuri. M. and Ansari. J. (2016). Factors of increasing the criminal population due to pre-trial arrests, Tehran Legal Journal of Justice. 82(102) .[In Persian]
Basso, B. (2017). Solitary confinement reform act: A blueprint for restricted use of solitary confinement of juveniles across the states. Seton Hall L. Rev., 48, 1601. Pp118-134
Benefield, N., Turner, K., Bolger, L., & Bainbridge, C. (2017). Psychologically Informed Planned Environments: a new optimism for criminal justice provision?. In Transforming environments and rehabilitation (pp. 179-197). Routledge.
Bullock, K., & Bunce, A. (2020). ‘The prison don’t talk to you about getting out of prison’: On why prisons in England and Wales fail to rehabilitate prisoners. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 20(1), 111-127.
Denny, M. (2016). Norway's Prison System: Investigating Recidivism and Reintegration. Bridges: A Journal of Student Research, 10(10), 2.109-121
Dolovich, S. (2022). The failed regulation and oversight of American prisons. Annual Review of Criminology, 5, 153-177.
Dugdale, W., Lahtinen, P., Kajamaa, A., & Hean, S. (2022). Organizational dynamics of interprofessional practice in the Norwegian prison system. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 36(3), 340-349.
Fazel, S. ; Wolf, A. (2015). A Systematic Review of Criminal Recidivism Rates Worldwide: Current Difficulties and Recommendations for Best Practice. PLOS ONE 10(6), p.e0130390.
Gunderson, A. (2022). Captive Market: The Politics of Private Prisons in America. Oxford University Press.
Gholami ,H, (2021). Criminology: generalities and basics of response to crime, Tehran, Mizan publishing house. .[In Persian]
Goudard, A., Lalande, L., Bertin, C., Sautereau, M., Le Borgne, M., & Cabelguenne, D. (2017). Sleep disorders and therapeutic management: a survey in a French population of prisoners. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 23(2), 193-202.
Gunnison, E; Helfgott, J. B., & Wilhelm, C. (2015). Correctional practitioners on reentry: A missed perspective. Journal of Prison Education and Reentry,2(1),32–54
Hall, J; Harger, K., & Stansel, D. (2015). Economic freedom and recidivism: Evidence from US states. International Advances in Economic Research, 21, 155-165.
Hashemi, F. (2017).Labeling Theory in Iranian Criminal Law, Third International Conference on Jurisprudence and Law, Advocacy and Social Sciences, Hamadan. 126-114.[In Persian]
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1087389/norway-homicide-victims-by-gender-and-citizenship/2023
Hyperakt (2020).  Vera Institute. Vera. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
John, K. (2018). Humanity rather than materialism - a short essay about the prison environment. In E. Fransson, F. Giofrè, & B. Johnsen (Eds.), Prison Architecture and Humans (pp. 29-35). Cappelen Damm Akademisk/ NOASP.
Johnsen, B. (2018). Movement in the prison landscape: leisure activities - inside, outside and in-between. In E. Fransson, F. Giofrè, & B. Johnsen (Eds.), Prison Architecture and Humans (pp. 65-85). Cappelen Damm Akademisk/ NOASP.
Jones, I. (2021). Prisons in Paradise or Purgatory: A Comparative Analysis Between Criminal Justice Systems and Recidivism Rates in Norway and the United States.
Kurdalivand. F; Kazemi. Q & Ghasemi. M. (2019). Iran's judicial criminal policy in the implementation of imprisonment with emphasis on the guidelines and bylaws approved by the judiciary, Scientific-Research Quarterly of Political Sociology of Iran 3(1). 1275-1294.[In Persian]
Larsen, B. K., Hean, S., & Ødegård, A. (2019). A conceptual model on reintegration after prison in Norway. International Journal of Prisoner Health.
Liebling, A., Laws, B., Lieber, E., Auty, K., Schmidt, B. E., Crewe, B., ... & Morey, M. (2019). Are hope and possibility achievable in prison?. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 58(1), 104-126
Madoc-Jones, I., Williams, E., Hughes, C., & Turley, J. (2016). Prison building: does size matter? A re-assessment. Prison Service Journal, (227), 4-10.
Mai, C., & Subramanian, R. (2017). The price of prisons. Vera Institute of Justice.
Malek Mohammadi, H. (2018). Theories of Crime, Tehran, Mizan Publishing .[In Persian]
Mohammadi Asl, A. (2018). Emile Durkheim and the Principles of Sociological Method, Tehran, Deirman Publishing House.[In Persian]
Mohammadi. A; Shiri. T, Mandari. S. & Ansari. I. (2016). social and family factors affecting the tendency to steal (case study of Isfahan Central Prison), Azad University Social Sciences Quarterly, 11(39). 221-260.[In Persian]
Palermo, G. B. (2015). Offender recidivism: An international dilemma. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 59(2), 112-120.
Revold, M. K. (2015). Levekårsundersøkelse blant innsatte 2014-Før, under og etter soning [Living conditions among inmates in Norway 2014-Before, under and after prison]. Report 2015, 47.191-169
Shams. F; Ashrafi, M (2018).Prison and Recidivism, Tehran, Shahbazi Publications.[In Persian]
Shirian Nasl, M; Bigi, J, & Pourkahermani. B. (2021). inflation of the criminal population of prisons and violations of international human rights regulations, causes and strategies, International Studies Quarterly, 17(3) .[In Persian]
Siwach, G. (2018). Unemployment shocks for individuals on the margin: Exploring recidivism effects. Labour Economics, 52, 231-244.
Skardhamar, T., & Telle, K. (2012). Post-release employment and recidivism in Norway. Journal of quantitative criminology, 28, 629-649Skardhamar, T., & Savolainen, J. (2014). Changes in criminal offending around the time of job entry: A study of employment and desistance. Criminology, 52(2), 263-291.
Sliva, S. M., & Samimi, C. (2018). Social work and prison labor: a restorative model. Social Work, 63(2), 153-160.
Smith, P. S., & Ugelvik, T. (2017). Introduction: Punishment, welfare and prison history in Scandinavia. Scandinavian Penal History, Culture and Prison Practice: Embraced by the Welfare State?, 3-31.
Sterbenz, Christina (2020). "Why Norway's prison system is so successful". Business Insider. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
Taheri, M. (2021), Prison Security Guide, Tehran, Top Researcher Publishing.
Weinstein, C. (2010). The United States needs a WHO health in prisons project. Public Health, 124(11), 626-638.
Wener, R. (2012). The environmental psychology of prisons and jails: creating humane spaces in secure settings (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Whitney, E. A. (2009). Correctional rehabilitation programs and the adoption of international standards: How the United States can reduce recidivism and promote the national interest. Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs., 18, 777-808
Wright, C. (2020). An examination of jihadi recidivism rates in the United States. Australasian Policing, 12(1).pp112-125
Yukhnenko, D., Sridhar, S., & Fazel, S. (2019). A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: 3-year update. Wellcome Open Research, 4.
 
 
دوره 8، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 16
در حال صفحه آرایی و بارگزاری فایل های PDF
دی 1403
  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 مهر 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 06 آذر 1402