ضابطه توصیف عقد مبتنی بر تحلیل تراضی متعاقدین در حقوق ایران، فقه امامیه و حقوق فرانسه

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکتری حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

         مهم ترین مسأله­ ای که در تشخیص صحت و بطلان و نیز شرایط، احکام و آثار مترتب بر عقد مطرح است، تعیین ماهیت عقد یا در اصطلاح توصیف عقد است. مسأله­ ی اساسی این مقاله آن است که با چه معیاری می­توان به توصیف صحیح دست یافت. برای توصیف عقد، مطمئن ­ترین راه ، تحلیل مضمون اعتباری انشاء شده از سوی متعاقدین، صرف ­نظر از عنوان منتخب آنهاست. برای دستیابی به ماهیت مورد نظر متعاقدین از طریق تحلیل محتوای قرارداد مسأله­ ی اساسی آن است که کدام جزء از قرارداد متعاقدین، در تشخیص ماهیت عقد مؤثر است، بدین ترتیب هدف اساسی در این پژوهش آن است که دریابد کدام عنصر از عناصر عقد می تواند معرف ماهیت عقد باشد تا از طریق آن بتوان به توصیف عقد نائل گردید برای نیل به این هدف در این نوشتار با استفاده از روش توصیفی_ تحلیلی، دیدگاه های مطروحه در فقه امامیه، حقوق ایران و حقوق فرانسه مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرارگرفت. بعضی از حقوقدانان مقتضای ذات عقد را تعیین کننده می دانند، برخی تعهد اساسی و بعضی موضوع قرارداد را مؤثر می پندارند؛ اما به نظر می رسد مهم­ترین معیار، مقومات ماهوی یا ارکان تشکیل دهنده ­ی ماهیت عقد است. بدین ترتیب برای توصیف یک عقد در ابتدا می بایست عناصر و مقومات ماهوی هر یک از عقود معین شناسایی شود، پس از تعیین عناصر ماهوی عقود معین و تفکیک آن از شرایط و احکام، با یافتن عناصر ماهوی یکی از عقود معین در توافق متعاقدین، عقد با آن عنوان توصیف می گردد. در صورتی که قرارداد متعاقدین هیچ یک از مقومات ماهوی عقود معین را در بر نداشته­باشد باید آن را عقدی غیرمعین دانست.مهم ترین منبع استخراج مقومات ماهوی قانون است، اما قانون به تنهایی نمی تواند مبنای تعیین مقومات ماهوی باشد، بنابراین پس از قانون باید عرف و منابع فقهی را به عنوان مبنای تعیین ماهیت عقد معرفی نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Criteria for Qualification of the Contract Based on Analysis of the agreement of Contracting Parties in Iranian Law, Ja'fari jurisprudence and French law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Mansouri 1
  • Mohammad Mahdi AlSharif 2
  • Seyyed Mohammad Sadegh Tabatabaei 3
1 Ph.D. in Private Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan. Isfahan. Iran
2 Associate Professor of Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan. Isfahan. Iran
3 Associate Professor of Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The most important issue in the distinction between validity and invalidity, as well as the conditions, rules, and effects of a contract, is determining the nature of the contract or, in other words, describing the contract. The basic question of this article is what criteria can be used to achieve a correct qualification. To describe the contract, the most reliable way is to analyze the content of the contract concluded by the contracting parties, regardless of their chosen title. To achieve the nature intended by the contracting parties through the analysis of the content of the contract, the basic issue is which part of the contracting parties' contract is effective in identifying the nature of the contract. To achieve this goal, in this article, using the descriptive-analytical method, the viewpoints presented in Ja'fari jurisprudence, Iranian law, and French law were analyzed and examined. Some jurists consider the inherent effect of the contract to be decisive, some consider the basic obligation and some consider the subject of the contract to be effective, but it seems that the most important criterion is the essential elements or elements that make up the nature of the contract. Therefore, to describe a contract, first of all, it is necessary to determine the essential elements of the contract, after determining the essential elements of nominate contracts and separating them from conditions and provisions, by finding the essential elements of one of the nominate contracts in the agreement of parties, the contract is described with that title. If the contract of the contracting parties does not include any of the essential elements of nominate contracts, it should be considered an innominate contract. The most important source of the law is the substantive elements, but the law alone cannot determine the substantive elements, therefore, it is necessary to introduce the customary law and jurisprudential sources as the nature of the contract.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Qualification of the Contract
  • essential elements of the contract؛ The inherent effect of the contract؛ the main obligation؛ Object
Allamah Hilli, hasan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Muṭahhar  (1992), Qawa'id al-Ahkam Fi Ma'rifat al-Halal wa l-Haram, vol 2 Qom: Islamic Publication of Theological Lecturers Association of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Qom. [In Arabic]
Allamah Hilli, hasan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Muṭahhar (1993), Tadhkirat al-Fuqaha', Vol. 10, Qom,  Aal al-Bayt Peace Be upon Them  Institute. [In Arabic]
Allamah Hilli, hasan Ibn Yusuf Ibn Muṭahhar (1993),Tahrir Ahkam al-Shariat ala Mazhab al-Imamiyyat, Vol. 2, Qom: Imam Sadigh peace be upon him Institute. [In Arabic]
Amili, Sayyid Jawad ibn Muhammad Ḥusayni(1998), Miftah al-Karama Fi Sharh Qawa'id al-Ahkam by al-'Allama al-Hilli, Vol. 12, 1th Edition, Qom: Islamic Publication of Theological Lecturers Association of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Qom. [In Arabic]
Ansari, Murtada Ibn Muhammad Amin (1994), kitab al-Makasib, Vol. 3, 1th Edition, Qom: Universal Congress for Reverence Great Shaykh Ansari.[In Arabic]
CODE CIVIL DU QUÉBEC[In French]
Code civil français[In French]
Collart Dutilleul , François et Delebecque, Philippe. 1991.Contrats Civils et Commerciaux. Dalloz.[In French]
Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. [In Arabic]
Delebecque, Philippe et Pansier, Frédéric-jérome. 2016. Droit des Obligations. Paris: Lexis Nexis. [In French]
Deslauriers-Goulet, Charlotte. décembre. 2014 L’Obligation Essentielle dans le Contrat, Les Cashiers de Droit, v55,n4. [In French]
Fabre-Magnan, Muriel. 2016.  Droit des Obligations, Contrat et engagement unilateral. Thémis, [In French]
Fazel Abi, H. (1996). Kashf al-Romouz . Qom: Islamic Publications Office.[In Arabic]
Fréchette, Pascal. 2007.  La qualification des contrats,  Montréal : Université de Montréal,[In French]
Ghestin , Jacques et Bernard Desché.  1990. Traité des Contrats, La vente. Paris: L.G.D.J.[In French]
Ghestin, Jacques. 2007. Cause de l’engagement et validité du Contrat. Liban.  Delta, L.G.D.J.[In French]
Halabi, Ibn Zohrah Hamza Ibn Ali Hosseini (1996). Qoniyah al-Nozou' fi Eilmay al-Ousul wa al-Fourou' . Qom: Imam Sadigh peace be upon him Institute.[In Arabic]
Henry, Xavier.1992. La technique des qualifications contractuelles, Nancy:Université de Nancy II[In French]
Hilli, Fakhr al-Muhaqqeqin, Mohammad Ibn Hasan,(1967) Izah al-Fawaeid fi Sharh Mushkilat al- Qawa'id, Vol 3, Qom: Ismaelian Institute.[In Arabic]
Hilli, Ibn Idris, Mohammad Ibn Mansour (1989), al-Sara'ir al-Hawi li tahrir al-fatawi, Vol. 2,Qom: Islamic Publication of Theological Lecturers Association of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Qom.[In Arabic]
Ḥilli, Jaʿfar  ibn Ḥasan (1987). Shara'i' al-Islam Fi Masa'il al-Halal Wa al-Haram ,Vol. 2, Qom, Ismaelian Institute. [In Arabic]Karaki, Ali Ibn Hossain Amili (1993,) Jamiʿ al-Maqāṣid Fi Sharh al-Qawaʿid, Vol 5, Qom: Aal al-Bayt Peace Be upon Them Institute. [In Arabic]
Hilli, Meqdad Ibn Abd Allah seywari(1983) Al-Tanqih al-Rae le-Mokhtasar al-sharae', Vol2, Qom: Publication of Ayatollah Mar'ashi Najafi Library[In Arabic]
Isfahani, Muhammad Hossain (1997), Commentary on Kitab al-Makasib,Vol. 1, 1th Edition, Qom: Anwar al-Hoda Publication. [In Arabic]
Imam Khomeini, Sayyid Rouhollah Mousawi (2000), Kitab al-Bay',(Sale Book) V1, Tehran: Institute for[In Arabic]
Jaʻfari Langaroudi, Muhammad Jaʻfar,(1970) Mortgage and Compromise,1th Edition, Ibn Sina Publication. [In Persian]
Jafari Langrodi, Mohammad Jafar  (2004). Superior Philosophy in law Science, Tehran: Ganjedanesh Publications[In Persian]
Kashif al-Ghitaʾ, Muḥammad Ḥossain Ibn Ali (1940), Tahrir al-MajallaVol. 2 Part. 2, Najaf: Al-maktabat al-Mortazaviyya. [In Arabic]
Katouzian Nasser (1997), General Principles of Contracts, vol 3, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Library.[In Persian]
Khoei,  Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Mousawi (N.D), Misbah al-Fiqaha, Vol . 3. [In Arabic]
Khoei,  Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Mousawi,(2001) Misbah al-Ousoul, Vol 1, Qom, Dawary Library [In Arabic]
 
Makarim Shirazi, Nasir(2004), Anwar al-Fiqaha_ Kitab al-Bay'(Sale Book), Qom: Publication of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Seminary. (In Arabic)  
Maraghi, Mir Abdolfattah Hosseini,. (1996). Al Anavin Al Feqhiah. Vol2, Qom: Islamic Publication of Theological Lecturers Association of Hawza 'Ilmiyyah Qom.[In Arabic]         
 Makarim Shirazi, Nasir (1990), al- Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah,Vol 2,, Qom: Publication of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Seminary.[In Arabic]
Mansouri, Mohammad, Mohammad Mahdi alSharif, Sayyed Mohammad Sadegh Tabatabaie, (2022) Qualification of a Contract in Mixed Contracts in Iranian Law, Imamiyyah Jurisprudence and French law, Comparative Law Review13(1), 43-61. doi: 10.22059/jcl.2022.328603.634228[In Persian]
Marty, Gabriel et Raynaud, Pierre. 1988. Les Obligation, T1, Paris.[In French]
Mohammadi, Abu al-Hasan,(2011) Principles for Interference of Islamic Law, Tehran: Tehran University Publication.[In Persian] 
Mousavi Bojnourdi, Sayyid Hasan,(1998)al- Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah, Vol 2, Qom: Al-Hadi Publication.[In Arabic]
 Nabil Ibrahim Saad,(1997) Spesific Contracts, vol 1, Sale, Beirut: Daar al-Nihzat al-Arabiyyat[In Arabic]. 
Naraqi, Ahmad Ibn Muhamma Mahdi(1994)Mostanad al-Shia fi Ahkam al-Shariat, Vol 14, Qom, Aal al-Bayt Peace Be upon Them Institute.[In Arabic]
Naraqi, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad (2002), Mashariq al-Ahkam, Qom: Naraqiein Congress Mulla Mahdi & Mulla Ahmad. [In Arabic]
Nematollahi, Esmaeil,(2014) The Object and Subject-matter of Contract, Qom: Research Institute of Hawzah and University[In Persian]
Qin, Liwei  ( 2012). L’interprétation du contrat : étude comparative en droits français et chinois, Paris: Université Panthéon-Assas, École doctorale de droit privé,[In French]
Ramazan Mohammad Abu Saud(2010). Interpretation of Rules of Civil Law, Nominate Contract, Beirut: Legal Publication of Halabi.[In Arabic]
Ripert, Georges et Jean, Boulanger,. 1957.  Traité de Droit Civil , T 2. Paris: L.G.D.J.[In French]
Shahid Awwal, Muḥammad Ibn  Makki (1996), al-Durus al-Shari'a FiFiqh al-Imdmiya, Vol 3, Qom: Islamic Publication of Theological Lecturers Association of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Qom. [In Arabic]
Shahidi, Mahdi(2000). Civil Law ,vol4, Stipulations Stipulated in the Contract, Tehran: Majd publication. [In Persian]
Shahidi, Mahdi, Civil Law, V1, Creating Contracts and Obligations,(2009), Tehran: Majd Publication[In Persian]
Stark, Boris , Henri, Roland, et, Laurent, Boyer. 1989. Droit Civil, Obligation, 2. Contrat, paris: Libraire de la cour de cassation[In French]
Tabaṭabaʾi Yazdi, Al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kaẓim(2000), Commentary on al-Makasib, Vol. 1, Qom: Ismaelian Institute.[In Arabic]
Tusi, Muhammad Ibn Hasan (1986), Al-Khalaaf , Vol. 3, Qom: Islamic Publication of Theological Lecturers Association of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Qom.[In Arabic]