شناسایی نهاد «تعقیب و محاکمه» در مقایسه با نهاد «استیضاح» در دیگر نظام‌های سیاسی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تهران، پردیس فارابی، قم، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تهران، پردیس فارابی، قم، ایران.

چکیده

تعقیب و محاکمه نهادی است که به واسطه آن می‌توان مقامات عالی‌رتبه اجرایی که عدم کفایت و شایستگی خود را برای تصدی سمت از دست می‌دهند، برکنار کرد. تعبیه این نهاد حقوقی در حقوق اساسی انواع نظام‌های سیاسی اعم از ریاستی، نیمه‌ریاستی و جمهوری پارلمانی قابل مشاهده است. در آثار پژوهشگران داخلی، در پاره‌ای از موارد،‌ شاهد آمیختگی این نهاد با مفهوم استیضاح هستیم که در برخی موارد موجب اشتباه در استنباط است. عنصرشناسی موشکافانه نهاد تعقیب و محاکمه راه حل برون‌رفت از چنین آشفتگی است. بر این اساس، این پژوهش به دنبال آن است که به این سوال پاسخ دهد که عناصر نهاد تعقیب و محاکمه در نظام‌های سیاسی جهت بازشناسایی از نهاد استیضاح کدام است؟ این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به این نتیجه دست یافته است که تفاوت در مقامات مشمول این دو نهاد به همراه تفاوت در زمینه‌های برکناری،‌ از مهم‌ترین عناصر و شاخصه‌های تمییز این دو مفهوم است. افراد مشمول تعقیب و محاکمه در نظام‌های سیاسی فعلی، مشتمل بر مقاماتی است که «مدت زمان تصدی آن‌ها حفاظت شده [1]باشد» یا این‌که «دارای زمان تصدی ثابت» باشند در حالیکه استیضاح در خصوص مقاماتی که منشا قدرت خود را از پارلمان اخذ کرده اند، ‌اعمال می شود. مخرج مشترک زمینه‌های تعقیب و محاکمه، عدم شایستگی در بقا در سمت به واسطه لطمه زدن به کشور و خدشه‌دار شدن شدید اعتماد عمومی است که مصادیق متعددی نظیر تخلف از قوانین، فساد و خیانت را در برمی گیرد. همچنین، فرایند، ‌مراحل و آثار تعقیب و محاکمه و استیضاح در بسیاری وجوه از یکدیگر قابل تفکیک است. پژوهش حاضر در صدد تبیین نهاد تعقیب و محاکمه و تمییز آن از استیضاح است.  

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Recognition of “impeachment” in comparison to “interpellation” in political systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh Zahra Saeid 1
  • Seyed Ahmad Habibnezhad 2
1 PhD in Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran, College of Farabi. Qom. Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Public Law. Faculty of Law. University of Tehran. College of Farabi. Qom. Iran
چکیده [English]

Impeachment is an institution that can remove high-ranking officials of the executive who are disqualified and unfit to continue the office. Impeachment could be seen in the constitutional law of all kinds of political systems, including presidentialism, semi-presidentialism and the parliamentary Republic. In some instances of domestic research, we see the fusion of impeachment and interpellation, which sometimes leads to mistakes leading to deduction. Scrutinizing the terminology of impeachment is the solution for such fusion. Accordingly, the question of the research is: what are the elements of impeachment in order to recognize it from interpellation? By the descriptive-analytic method, the research concludes that differences in officials and differences in grounds of removal are the most important elements and parameters for the distinction of these two terms. While impeachment targets officials with protected tenures or terms of office, interpellation is practiced mostly where ministers are subject to the confidence of the parliament. The common ground of Impeachment is removing a person or persons in the government whom the legislature deems unfit to continue in office due to subversive acts against the country and grave violations of public trust, which contain several instances like violations of law, corruption and treason. In addition, the procedure, stages and outcomes of impeachment and interpellation would be distinguished in many aspects. The paper is about to explain impeachment and distinguish it from interpellation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • impeachment
  • interpellation
  • high ranking officials of the executive
  • removal
  • disqualification
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