وعده یکجانبه در فقه و حقوق ایران و اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپا

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران

2 استادیار گروه فقه و حقوق اسلامی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران

3 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

وعده یکجانبه در این مقاله عبارت از اظهاری که به وسیله آن شخص به قصد ملتزم شدن به انجام کاری ویا خودداری از آن و یا انتقال مال به دیگری مطرح می کند.اینکه آیا چنین وعده ای بدون قبولی الزام آوراست یا خیر؟ هنوز بین حقوقدانان کشورهای اروپایی و همچنین حقوقدانان ایرانی اختلاف است. اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپا به این اختلاف پایان داده است. بدیهی است مفهوم وعده یکجانبه ای که به مخاطب ابلاغ شده متفاوت از قرارداد و مذاکرات قبل از قراداد است. چون وعده دهنده به قصد التزام قانونی و با قصد ایجاد اتکاء و اعتماد این عمل را انجام می دهد دارای اثر حقوقی خواهد داشت. این عمل فقط در قالب ایقاع قابل توجیه است. ایقاع به عنوان یک نظریه عمومی در پرتو اصل حاکمیت اراده براساس روایات و آیات دارای گستره نامحدودی است و شامل وعده یکجانبه نیز می باشد. بنابراین نفس اراده وقصد انشاء، به عنوان منبعِ تعهد ایجاد شده اعم از اینکه ناشی از وعده و یا غیر آن باشد ملاک هست. به طوری که منبع و الزامِ وظیفه ناشی از وعده در فعل ارادی بوده و قانون نیز حمایت می کند. قانون هر عمل حقوقی را ازطریق منصوص کردن و حتی با عدم ایجاد مانع و یا باسکوت خوددر صورتی که مخالف با نظم عمومی و اخلاق حسنه نباشد مورد حمایت قرار می دهد. بنظر می رسد که ماده 10قانون مدنی که در مورد قراردادها وضع شده خصوصیتی نداشته بلکه از باب تغلیب است و می تواند شامل هر عمل حقوقی از جمله وعده یک جانبه به عنوان ایقاع را در برگیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Unilateral promise in the realm of Iranian jurisprudence and law and the principles of European contract law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh Maryam Asadi Nejad 1
  • Javad Vahedi Zadeh 2
  • Alireza Salehi Far 3
1 PhD student in private law, Department of Law, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Faculty of Humanities, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

A unilateral promise in this article is a statement made by a person with the intention to be legally bound to do or refuse to do something or transfer property to another. Is such a promise binding without acceptance or not? There is still disagreement between jurists in European countries as well as Iranian jurists. Obviously, the concept of a unilateral promise communicated to the addressee is different from the contract and pre-contract negotiations. Because the promisor performs this act with the intention of fulfilling a legal obligation and creating trust and confidence, it will have legal effect. This legal act can only be justified in the form of an Iqa’ (Unilateral act). Iqa’ as a general theory and in the light of the rule of will, and according to narrations and verses, has an unlimited scope and includes a unilateral promise. Therefore, the will itself is the criterion as a source of commitment, whether it comes from a promise or not. So that the source and requirement of duty arise from the promise in the voluntary act, and the law also protects. The law protects any legal act by specifying it and even by not obstructing or by remaining silent if it is not contrary to public order and good morals. It seems that Article 10 of the Iran Civil Code, which is enacted in the case of contracts, is not specific but rather overriding and can include any legal action, including a unilateral promise as an Iqa’.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • • Unilateral promise
  • Obligation
  • Transfer
  • Iqa’ (Unilateral act)
  • Will
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