اصل صلاحیت شخصی مبتنی بر تابعیت بزه‌دیده با رویکرد تطبیقی با تاکید بر حقوق انگلیس

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دامغان، دامغان، ایران.

2 دانشجوی مقطع دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.

3 کارشناس ارشد فقه و حقوق جزا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه دامغان، دامغان، ایران.

چکیده

اصل صلاحیت کیفری شخصی مبتنی بر تابعیت بزه دیده در قوانین کیفری، صلاحیت تقنینی و قضایی ملی نسبت به جرایم ارتکابی علیه اتباع خود در خارج است. در واقع پذیرش مجازات و احکام خارجی با شرایطی برای دادگاه ملی است. نظام‌های کیفری ایران انگلستان در شناسایی این نوع صلاحیت همسو و مشترکند، با این وجود گستره شناسی بیشینه و ضابطه انگاری چندگانه در ایران در برابر گستره شناسی کمینه و ضابطه انگاری یگانه انگلستان نشان از یک نوع سیاست کیفری افتراقی دارد. در حقوق ایران صلاحیت شخصی مبتنی بر تابعیت بزه‌دیده به نحو موسع نسبت به کلیه جرائم با ضوابط متعدد مشتمل بر وجود رابطه تابعیت بزه‌دیده با کشور متبوع، جرم انگاری دوجانبه، منع محاکمه و مجازات مجدد و حضور متهم در کشور قابل اعمال است. در مقابل در حقوق انگلستان صلاحیت شخصی صرفا در مورد جرائم خاص احصاء شده است. با وجود اشتراک در گستره شناسی بیشینه، در ضابطه انگاری چندگانه بین دو نظام کیفری تفاوت هایی نیز قابل ملاحظه است. بدین معنا که در ایران تنها در جرایم غیرمنصوص شرعی ضابطه جرم‌انگار دوجانبه و منع محاکمه و مجازات مجدد مرتکب مورد پذیرش قرار گرفته است. در خصوص جرایم حدود، قصاص و دیات اصل صلاحیت شخصی منفعل اطلاق داشته و علاوه بر آن که مقید به جرم‌انگاری دوجانبه نشده، بلکه محاکمه و مجازات مجدد مرتکب را نیز پذیرفته است. راهبردی که با امر مختوم کیفری همخوانی ندارد. لذا به نظر می‌رسد، جنبه استثنایی صلاحیت شخصی مبتنی بر تابعیت بزه دیده، مقتضی شناسایی محدود و در حد ضرورت این نوع صلاحیت می‌باشد. لذا رویکرد انگلستان سنجیده تر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Principle of Personal Competence Based on the Nationality of the Victim with a Comparative Approach and An Emphasis on British Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Hasan Hasani 1
  • Hamid Alizadeh 2
  • Mohammad Sabziari 3
1 Assistant Professor of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.
2 PhD Student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
3 Master of Jurisprudence and Criminal Law, Faculty of Humanities, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The principle of personal criminal jurisdiction based on the nationality of the victim in criminal law is the national legislative and judicial jurisdiction over crimes committed against its own citizens abroad. In fact, accepting foreign punishments and sentences is a condition for the national court. The Iranian-British criminal systems are coherent in identifying this type of jurisdiction, however, the maximum range and multiple standardization in Iran versus the minimum range and single standardization of the United Kingdom indicates a kind of differential criminal policy. In Iranian law, personal jurisdiction based on the victim's citizenship can be applied extensively to all crimes with various criteria, including the victim's citizenship relationship with the country of origin, mutual criminalization, prohibition of retrial and retribution, and the presence of the accused in the country. In English Law, on the other hand, personal jurisdiction is limited to specific offenses. Despite sharing the maximum scope, there are also significant differences in multiple standardization between the two penal systems, i.e., in Iran, only in non-prescribed religious crimes, the rule of mutual criminality and the prohibition of trial and retribution of the perpetrator is accepted. Regarding the crimes of hudud, qisas and diyat, the principle of passive personal jurisdiction is applied and in addition to not being bound by mutual criminality, the trial and retribution of the perpetrator are accepted; a strategy that is not compatible with the criminal case in the UK. Therefore, it seems that the exceptional aspect of personal competence based on the citizenship of the victim requires appropriate identification. Accordingly, the British approach is more prudent.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Personal competence
  • Spatial scope of criminal law
  • Passive personal competence
  • Citizenship
  • Victim

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پژوهشنامه حقوق تطبیقی
دوره 6، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 9
فروردین 1401
صفحه 81-100

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 27 اسفند 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 02 خرداد 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 31 مرداد 1400

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