An Analysis of the Distribution of Liability due to Fault in the Harmful Acts of Subsequent Lawyers with Intermediary from the Perspective of Iranian and French Law

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student in Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

Abstract

Despite the principle of relativity of contracts in delegation of power of attorney, the actions of lawyers with intermediary in fault presumption creates a liability that sometimes extends obligations to the surrounding area of the lawyers with intermediary. How to distribute liability caused by the harmful actions of the attorney-in-fact and those around the lawyers with intermediary, which stem from their fault, is a noteworthy question that the authors seek to answer in the upcoming research. Despite the Iranian law and the view of some Imamiye jurists who believe that the principle of relativity of contracts does not prevent the liability of subsequent lawyers with intermediary toward the main client, according to the nature of representation and the principle of relative effect of the contract in French law, the legal relationship between the lawyers with intermediary and the principal client is regulated in such a way that in case of a harmful act committed by the lawyers with intermediary, they are only held responsible toward the primary lawyer or the first lawyer. In this framework, the responsibility of compensating the principal client's damages caused by the harmful actions of the lawyer with intermediary will not be directly borne by the first lawyer, but rather by the mechanism of liability resulting from the action of the subordinate towards the predecessor.In these circumstances, the right to claim damages on the part of the principal lawyer against the subsequent attorneys is still valid. However, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical method, seek to know how to distribute the responsibility resulting from the fault in the harmful actions of subsequent lawyers with  intermediary (in presumption of authorizing delegation of attorney’s power to others) from the perspective of Iranian and French law.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Ahmadi, Babak(2005). The Philosophy of Civil Liability (1st ed.). Tehran: Sahami Publishing.
Amiri Ghaemmaghami, Abdolmajid (1968). Law of Obligations (1st ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Bacache-Gibeili, Mireille (2007). Civil Law: Obligations – Extracontractual Liability (Vol. 5, 1st ed.). Economica.
Bahrami Ahmadi, Hamidreza (2009). Civil Liability. Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
Bertolaso, Sabine (1999). "Mandataire." JurisClasseur Responsabilité Civile et Assurances.
Delebecque, Philippe; Pansier, Jérôme; & Frédéric (2014). Law of Obligations (6th ed.). LexisNexis.
Emami, Seyyed Hassan (2002). Civil Law. Tehran: Eslamiyeh Publishing (7th ed.).
Emami, Seyyed Hassan (2002). "Civil Liability." Journal of the Faculty of Law, National University of Iran, No. 1.
Guillien, Ramond; & Vincent, Jean (1972). Lexicon of Legal Terms (2nd ed.). Dalloz.
Izanloo, Mohsen; & Madani, Mahsa (2012). "Secondary Agency: A Comparative Study in Jurisprudence, Iranian Law, and English Law." Biannual Journal of Civil Law Studies, No. 1.
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (2009). Encyclopedia of Civil and Commercial Law (2nd ed.). Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publishing.
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar (2013). Legal Terminology. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publishing (2nd ed.).
Jurixio (2022, July 21). Article 1240 of the Civil Code: Liability for Fault (Personal Act). Retrieved from Jurixio.
Katoozian, Nasser (2015). Civil Law: Specific Contracts (Vol. 4, 7th ed.). Tehran: Sahami Publishing.
Katoozian, Amir Nasser (2019). Civil Liability. Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
Le Tourneau, Philippe; & Cadiet, Loïc (1998). Law of Liability (1st ed.). Dalloz.
Maddoli, Claire Anne Restoux (1998). Accountant's Liability (1st ed.). Litec.
Mo'in, Mohammad (2010). Mo'in Dictionary. Tehran: Zarrin Publishing (3rd ed.).
Pakbaz, Siamak (2022). Commentary on the French Civil Code. Tehran: Mizan Publishing (1st ed.).
Pouget, Jonathan; & Raher, Rémi (2021). Juris' Civil Liability – 25 Sheets to Understand and Review Liability Law. Paris: Enrick B. Éditions.
Qasemzadeh, Seyyed Morteza (2009). Obligations and Non-Contractual Civil Liability (7th ed.). Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
Qasemzadeh, Seyyed Morteza (2006). Foundations of Civil Liability (4th ed.). Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
Radé, Christophe (2007). "Right to Compensation: Liability for Acts of Others – Scope: Employers' Liability." JurisClasseur Responsabilité Civile et Assurances.
Safaei, Seyyed Hassan; & Rahimi, Habibollah (2020). Comparative Civil Liability. Tehran: Shahr-e Danesh Publishing (1st ed.).
Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali (1992). Masalik al-Afham ila Tanqih Sharayi' al-Islam (Vol. 5). Qom: Islamic Knowledge Foundation.
Viney, Geneviève; & Jourdain, Patrice (2010). Treatise on Civil Law: Conditions of Civil Liability (2nd ed.). LGDJ.
Yazdanian, Alireza (2013). "A Comparative Study of the Collectivization of Civil Liability in French and Iranian Law and Its Practical Effects on Compensation." Law Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3.
Yazdanian, Alireza (2018). "The Scope of Obligations and Civil Liability of Principals and Agents Arising from Personal Acts and Acts of Others in Jurisprudence and French Law." Comparative Studies in Islamic and Western Law, Vol. 5, No. 2.
Software: *Jame' Fiqh Ahl al-Bayt (AS) – Version 2

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 July 2024
  • Revise Date: 06 December 2024
  • Accept Date: 09 February 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics